Estimation of actual evaporation using precipitation and soil moisture records in arid climates

There is little knowledge available about infiltration and evaporation processes in wadi channels in arid regions. This work was conducted to determine the actual evaporation from bare soils in wadi channels in the south-western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The estimation of soil evaporation is highly dependent on the availability of moisture in the upper layers of alluvial wadis, in which the areal rainfall, flood hydrograph and soil properties play a significant part. The study was conducted by estimating the actual evaporation using soil moisture data, precipitation and runoff depths in a representative basin. The results are compared with potential rates. The actual rates were 1.5 mm/day immediately after a rainy day and then decreased to 0.42 mm/day. The minimum rate was about 0.1–0.2 mm/day during the dry season. The potential rates were about 9.5 mm/day in June and July, decreasing to 3.5 mm/day in December and January.     

Visualization of material stiffness in geomechanics analysis

This paper presents novel visualization techniques to simplify representation of the fourth‐order material stiffness tensor as a set of three‐dimensional geometric objects. Stiffness visualization aids in understanding the complex stiffness characteristics of highly non‐linear constitutive models including modelled material anisotropy and loading path dependent stiffness variation. Stiffness visualization is relevant for understanding the relationship of material stiffness to global behaviour in the analysis of a boundary value problem. The spherical pulse stiffness visualization method, developed in the acoustics field, is extended to visualize stiffness of geomaterials using three three‐dimensional objects. This method is limited to relatively simple constitutive models with symmetric stiffness matrices insensitive to loading magnitude and direction. A strain dependent stiffness visualization method is developed that allows the examination of material stiffness for a range of loading directions and is suitable for highly non‐linear and path dependent material models. The proposed stiffness visualization can be represented as 3‐D, 2‐D and 1‐D objects. The visualization technique is used to represent material stiffness and its evolution during simulated soil laboratory tests and deep excavation construction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RELATION BETWEEN δ~（18）O IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＢＥＴＷＥＥＮδ~（１８）ＯＩＮＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＺｈａｎｇＸｉｎｐｉｎｇ（章新平）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＨｕｎａｎＮｏ?..     

雷州半岛人工增雨研究与应用

通过对雷州半岛云水资源气候分布、云的宏观动力学和微观物理学、降水形成机制、人工增雨机制、冷云催化剂与暧云催化剂、播云方式与催化方法的研究和对外场试验的总结，表明：雷州半岛空中具有丰富的云水资源。有暖云降水机制、冷云降水机制和混态云“播种一供水”降水增强机制。人工增雨可进行静力催化和动力催化，使用的冷云催化剂为冰核和致冷剂，暖云催化剂为吸湿性巨核。适宜的人工增雨作业工具为飞机、火箭、地面蚶丙酮溶液燃烟发生器、气球携带AgI焰弹、增雨炮艇等。37高炮不适宜在雷州半岛使用。     

A MIXTURE MODEL OF ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN PERU*

A two component mixed log-normal distribution effectively models annual precipitation totals at two stations in Peru characterized by widely differing interannual patterns of precipitation. Physical evidence supports the division of station records into two subsamples. Years with ENSO events and years without ENSO events identify the components of a mixed probability model. The mixed model produces a superior fit to the two parameter log-normal distribution. Model application provides a reliable means of precipitation prediction and also quantitatively describes the highly variable temporal and spatial pattern of annual precipitation in western Peru.     

辽河曙光油田蒸气吞吐开采过程中水岩作用的研究

稠油蒸气吞吐开采过程中，注入储层的高温水蒸气与储层岩石发生了强烈的水岩作用，使注入水的化学成分产生了显著的变化，根据这种变化，结合水岩作用室内模拟实验的研究成果，在确定水岩作用方式的基础上，使用元素质量守衡计算方法对辽河曙光油田的水岩作用量进行了计算，结果表明，注入水在储层运动过程中，溶解了大量的石英和高岭石，同时沉淀出大量的钠蒙脱石，该结果很好地吻合了室内实验成果。     

Groundwater recharge through an alluvial fan in the Atacama Desert,northern Chile: mechanisms,magnitudes and causes

The Chacarilla fan in the Atacama Desert is one of several formed in the Late Miocene at the foot of the Pre‐Andean Cordillera overlying the large, complex, Pampa Tamarugal aquifer contained in the continental clastic sediments of the fore‐arc basin. The Pampa Tamarugal aquifer is a strategic source of water for northern Chile but there is continuing doubt over the resource magnitude and recharge. During January 2000 a 1 in 4 year storm in the Andes delivered a 34 million m³ flash flood to the fan apex where c. 70% percolated to the underlying aquifers. Groundwater recharge through the fan is calculated to be a minimum of 200 l/s or 6% of the long‐term catchment rainfall. These figures are supported by hydrochemical data that suggest that recharge may be 9% of long‐term rainfall. Isotopic data suggest groundwater less than 50 years old is transmitted westward through the permeable sheetflood sediments of the fan overlying the main aquifer. Analysis of this and other events shows that the hydrological system is non‐linear with positive feedback. The magnitude of groundwater recharge is dependent on climatic variations, antecedent soil moisture storage and changes in channel characteristics. Long‐term declines in groundwater level may partly result from climatic fluctuations and the causes of such fluctuations are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

麻城1932年6．0级地震区地球物理场与深部环境研究

研究了麻城地区重、磁异常场特征，经反演计算获得了深部结构特征。对重力布格异常利用Ｐａｒｋｅｒ－Ｏｌｄｅｎｂｕｒｇ快速位场反演方法计算出莫霍面的展布，对航磁异常利用对数功率谱法和矩谱法计算出居里面深度。在此基础上，探讨该震区深部蕴震条件。主要结论是：①麻城－团凤断裂带为该区切割较深的主要控震构造；②１９３２年麻城６．０级地震发生在区域重力异常等值线梯度最大处，磁力异常区两局部正异常间的低值带，莫霍面及居里面隆起区边缘；③发震部位有其特定的深部蕴震构造及应力蕴震条件。     

深层卤水自喷钻井若干特征的分析

本文以四川盆地中部的L_1井为例,讨论深层卤水自喷钻井卤水产出特征、水文地球化学特征和开采动态特征,并对钻井的测试资料进行分析,预测该钻井的卤水可采资源量。     

长江口深水航道30年空间特征变化研究

根据1973-2003年6幅长江口海图资料,建立不同时期长江口深水航道水下数字高程模型, 对航道治理前后30 a的冲淤状况、纵剖面水深变化以及空间模拟等进行研究. 结果表明,30 a来深水航道冲淤交替出现,总变化趋势是冲刷.航道冲淤除与 水动力条件有关外,与治理工程也有密切联系.长江口深水航道治理一期工程结束后,水深明显加深,坡度比变大,主航道呈现平顺的“U”形河道景观.