RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINTERTIME THERMAL CONTRAST OVER THE ASIAN CONTINENT AND THE CLIMATE IN CHINA

Recent studies indicated that except for the land-sea thermal contrast,there also existed the land-land thermal contrast.The composite analysis and t-test method are used to further study the local thermal contrast variation over the Asian continent,and to discuss the association of seasonal variation of land thermal state with circulation over East Asia,the early summer and summer monsoon activity,and the precipitation anomaly in China in the decadal scale.Results show that the positive meridional temperature anomaly transports downward from upper tropospheric layers in middle-high latitudes north of 25°N in the positive years.In the zonal direction,the Tibetan Plateau heating in the successive spring acts as a force to influence the atmosphere,leading to the rapid temperature warming over eastern Chinese continent,which could increase the land-sea thermal contrast with the negative SSTA.Accordingly,the monsoon activity in early summer over East Asian establishes earlier and the summer monsoon intensity becomes stronger.The early summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the Yangtze River,and the summer precipitation is more-than-normal over the north China and the southwest China.The situation is contrary in the negative years.     

区域极端降水事件阈值计算方法比较分析

根据南京站1951—2010年逐日降水资料,采用2种传统的百分位法以及3种正态变换方法,探讨了确定区域极端降水事件阈值的最佳方法。结果表明,由于降水量的实际概率分布是一种明显的偏态分布,而传统的百分位法是在假设降水量遵从均匀分布条件下进行的,计算结果的稳定性较差。正态变换的3种方法是在降水量实际概率分布下采用百分位法计算阈值的,结果稳定性较好。其中以方法4效果最佳。为消除气候变化的影响,可以将研究时段按降水量变化的不同趋势分为几个气候阶段分别计算阈值。或者采用滑动气候阶段处理整个研究时段,并以各个滑动气候阶段阈值的平均值作为整个研究时段的阈值。     

基于Voronoi图的强降水过程空间非均匀性定量表征方法

利用Voronoi\\Delaunay图模型影响范围和局部动态的特性,提出一种基于动态边界定量提取强降水过程空间非均匀分布特征的新方法,根据1959—2002年中国740站逐日降水资料,构建5日、10日两种时间尺度区域持续性年极端强降水过程序列,用以检验该方法的应用效果,并应用该方法分析了5日(10日)区域持续性年极端强降水过程空间非均匀分布特征及其演变规律。结果表明：与传统的数量统计方法和区域插值方法相比,该方法在强降水空间分布中心、过程内不同强度降水覆盖区域、降水集中区等的定量度量方面具有更高的分辨力和较好实际应用价值;气候趋势分析中在1959—2002年间,5日区域持续性年极端强降水过程出现日期有明显提前趋势。     

吉林省主汛期典型多雨年和少雨年成因对比分析

将1951-2011年吉林省主汛期降水量排名的前、后6位分别定义为多、少雨年,利用NCEP（2.5°×2.5°）再分析资料计算主汛期平均高度场、温度场、风场及比湿、涡度等物理量场;根据天气学原理和常规天气预报经验,对比分析主汛期典型多雨与少雨天气系统结构形态、分布位置、中心强度等特征。结果表明：500 hPa多雨年568等高线较少雨年平均偏南3个纬度,副热带高压588等高线较少雨年平均偏西7个经度偏北1个纬度;低层辐合高层辐散是多雨年的重要特征;850 hPa和700 hPa平均水汽含量多雨年明显多于少雨年;典型多雨年850 hPa风场贝加尔湖附近为单辐合中心,少雨年为双辐合中心。     

Response of surface water chemistry to reduced levels of acid precipitation: comparison of trends in two regions of New York,USA

In light of recent reductions in sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) emissions mandated by Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, temporal trends and trend coherence in precipitation (1984–2001 and 1992–2001) and surface water chemistry (1992–2001) were determined in two of the most acid‐sensitive regions of North America, i.e. the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains of New York. Precipitation chemistry data from six sites located near these regions showed decreasing sulphate (SO₄^2?), nitrate (NO₃^?), and base cation (C_B) concentrations and increasing pH during 1984–2001, but few significant trends during 1992–2001. Data from five Catskill streams and 12 Adirondack lakes showed decreasing trends in SO₄^2? concentrations at all sites, and decreasing trends in NO₃^?, C_B, and H⁺ concentrations and increasing trends in dissolved organic carbon at most sites. In contrast, acid‐neutralizing capacity (ANC) increased significantly at only about half the Adirondack lakes and in one of the Catskill streams. Flow correction prior to trend analysis did not change any trend directions and had little effect on SO₄^2? trends, but it caused several significant non‐flow‐corrected trends in NO₃^? and ANC to become non‐significant, suggesting that trend results for flow‐sensitive constituents are affected by flow‐related climate variation. SO₄^2? concentrations showed high temporal coherence in precipitation, surface waters, and in precipitation–surface water comparisons, reflecting a strong link between S emissions, precipitation SO₄^2? concentrations, and the processes that affect S cycling within these regions. NO₃^? and H⁺ concentrations and ANC generally showed weak coherence, especially in surface waters and in precipitation–surface water comparisons, indicating that variation in local‐scale processes driven by factors such as climate are affecting trends in acid–base chemistry in these two regions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

小型激光天文动力学空间计划概念

小型激光天文动力学空间计划是 :使用在太阳轨道上无拖曳航天器和地面站以激光干涉和脉冲测距的方法 ,精确地探讨天文动力学 ,检测相对论与时空基本定律 ,改进探测引力波的灵敏度以及更准确地测定太阳、行星和小行星的参数。 1 969年开始的月球激光 (反射 )测距 ,对地球物理、参考坐标的选定、相对论的检验均有重要的贡献。 3 0年来 ,激光技术的长足进步 ,使现在正是适合于开始进行研究空间有源 (主动 )测距和光波空间通讯的时候。激光天文动力学的兴起是必然的趋势 ,其精确度将比现在提高 3到 6个数量级 ,将是天文动力学革命性的发展。小型激光天文动力学空间计划可以起到带头作用。它的关键技术有三 ,即 :弱光锁相、极精确无拖曳航天和高衰减日冕仪。弱光锁相已有长足的进步。对高衰减日冕仪的研究 ,也有了初步的方案。LISA空间计划将于 2 0 0 6年 8月发射SMART -2 ,研究测试极精确无拖曳航天。小型激光天文动力学空间计划的关键技术已日趋成熟。在第一届国际激光天文动力学研讨会 ( 2 0 0 1 ,9.1 3 -2 3 )中介绍了各相关学科背景及前沿研究 ,讨论了激光天文动力学空间计划科学目标及相关技术 ,并召开了两次小型激光天文动力学空间计划预研究筹备会 ,建立了和欧洲的合作关系。会后着手进行此项对基础     

河南省地壳结构和深断裂简述

利用重磁资料正反演计算，获得了一系列的地壳深部资料。多种资料综合反映了河南省深部构造的主要特征。本文论述了我省地壳层状结构的特点和深断裂带的划分。首次提出黄河南断裂带、驻马店－桐柏断裂带为超壳断裂带；确山－固始断裂带、南阳断裂带为地壳断裂带。     

Estimation of actual evaporation using precipitation and soil moisture records in arid climates

There is little knowledge available about infiltration and evaporation processes in wadi channels in arid regions. This work was conducted to determine the actual evaporation from bare soils in wadi channels in the south-western region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The estimation of soil evaporation is highly dependent on the availability of moisture in the upper layers of alluvial wadis, in which the areal rainfall, flood hydrograph and soil properties play a significant part. The study was conducted by estimating the actual evaporation using soil moisture data, precipitation and runoff depths in a representative basin. The results are compared with potential rates. The actual rates were 1.5 mm/day immediately after a rainy day and then decreased to 0.42 mm/day. The minimum rate was about 0.1–0.2 mm/day during the dry season. The potential rates were about 9.5 mm/day in June and July, decreasing to 3.5 mm/day in December and January.     

Visualization of material stiffness in geomechanics analysis

This paper presents novel visualization techniques to simplify representation of the fourth‐order material stiffness tensor as a set of three‐dimensional geometric objects. Stiffness visualization aids in understanding the complex stiffness characteristics of highly non‐linear constitutive models including modelled material anisotropy and loading path dependent stiffness variation. Stiffness visualization is relevant for understanding the relationship of material stiffness to global behaviour in the analysis of a boundary value problem. The spherical pulse stiffness visualization method, developed in the acoustics field, is extended to visualize stiffness of geomaterials using three three‐dimensional objects. This method is limited to relatively simple constitutive models with symmetric stiffness matrices insensitive to loading magnitude and direction. A strain dependent stiffness visualization method is developed that allows the examination of material stiffness for a range of loading directions and is suitable for highly non‐linear and path dependent material models. The proposed stiffness visualization can be represented as 3‐D, 2‐D and 1‐D objects. The visualization technique is used to represent material stiffness and its evolution during simulated soil laboratory tests and deep excavation construction. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

RELATION BETWEEN δ~（18）O IN ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION

ＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＢＥＴＷＥＥＮδ~（１８）ＯＩＮＡＴＭＯＳＰＨＥＲＩＣＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＩＯＮＺｈａｎｇＸｉｎｐｉｎｇ（章新平）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＨｕｎａｎＮｏ?..