小波分析在前兆数据处理中的应用

运用小波分析将不同频率成分组成的数据序列按尺度分解为低频和高频成分，并对低频和高频系数进行分析，然后根据小波系数的重构原理还原数据序列。本文以地下流体资料进行研究，结果表明：①小波方法可以较好地抑制流体数据中的随机噪声，并可有效地将数据的趋势变化和局部变化分开；②通过分析各频段小波系数，将降雨干扰的小波系数去掉后重构，从而达到消除降雨干扰的目的。     

Eddy flux corrections for CO2 exchange in broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest of Changbai Mountains

Based on analysis of mechanisms causing energy no-closure and nocturnal low fluxes issues for CO2 exchange studies by eddy covariance method, corrections were done with the raw data sets obtained from Changbai Mountains forest flux site, to evaluate the impacts of sonic anemometer tilt, frequency response limitations and advection on estimation of CO2 exchange, respectively. The results show that the planar fit coordinate transforming method is superior to the streamline coordinate transforming method in tilt correction. The latter could cause a systematical underestimation of eddy fluxes relating with the angle of sensor and terrain tilt. The underestimation of CO2 and energy fluxes for frequency response limitations average 3.0% and 2.0% during daytime, respectively, which increase by 9.0% and 5.5% during nighttime, respectively. The corrections of frequency response limitations are closely related to atmospheric stability. The advection loss of CO2 fluxes is dominated by nocturnal vertical advection, which is at least 18% when the horizontal advection is neglected. It is suggested that more work be done to understand the characteristics of horizontal advection and turbulent eddies under a complexcircumstance.     

Meteorological control on CO2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountains

The impacts of temperature, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on CO2 flux above broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest in the Changbai Mountains were studied based on eddy covariance and meteorological factors measurements.The results showed that, daytime CO2 flux was mainly controlled by PAR and they fit Michaelis-Menten equation. Meanwhile VPD also had an influence on the daytime flux. Drier air reduced the CO2 assimilation of the ecosystem, the drier the air, the more the reduction of the assimilation. And the forest was more sensitive to VPD in June than that in July and August. The respiration of the ecosystem was mainly controlled by soil temperature and they fit exponential equation. It was found that this relationship was also correlated with seasons; respiration from April to July was higher than that from August to November under the same temperature. Daily net carbon exchange of the ecosystem and the daily mean air temperature fit exponential equation. It was also found that seasonal trend of net carbon exchange was the result of comprehensive impacts of temperature and PAR and so on. These resulted in the biggest CO2 uptake in June and those in July and August were next. Annual carbon uptake of the forest ecosystem in 2003 was -184 gC. m-2.     

黄土高原植物与不同粒级中土壤体系氮同位素组成变化及意义

目前观点认为，自然生态条件下的非固氮植物-土壤体系中，根据分解供给是土壤中氮的主要来源。研究植物-土壤体系中氮素的分布转化规律是评估土壤中氮素有效性的重要基础。笔者选取黄土高原这一典型西北生境中植物-土壤样品，通过测定样品氮含量与同位素自然丰度组成变化，来说明不同粒级土壤中氮素的分解水平与潜力。 结果表明，植物在分解过程中氮同位素产生3‰-5‰不等的分馏，在粒级由大到小变化的土壤组份中，随着可分解氮素的减少，土壤总氮同位素比值表现不同程度的偏正趋势，并于小粒级中趋于稳定，这与含量测量中表现出的矿化氮含量增加规律一致。氮的同位素自然丰度组成对于植物分解程度的灵敏响应，使其可以作为一种指示植物-土壤体系中氮素转化程度与趋势以及评估土壤中氮的有效性的指标，应用于自然生态研究。     

Changes in the source and transport mechanism of terrigenous input to the Indian sector of Southern Ocean during the late Quaternary and its palaeoceanographic implications

Changes in the terrigenous sediment source and transport mechanisms during the late Quaternary have been investigated using four sediment cores within the Indian sector of Southern Ocean, using the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and sedimentological records. Sediments deposited during the Holocene and other interglacial periods were characterised by low MS, low sand content, reduced ice-rafted detritus (IRD) input and increased illite possibly transported via hydrographic advection from the south. The glacial intervals are characterised by high MS, high sand content, increased IRD input and reduced illite clays, derived from both local as well as Antarctic sources. Significant reduction in clay fraction and illite content during glacials suggests that the erosive and transporting capabilities of the deep and bottom waters could have reduced compared to the interglacial times. The changes in terrigenous influx to this region were significantly influenced by the rhythmic glacial-interglacial fluctuations in bottom circulation and the position of the Polar Front.     

不同还田方式下稻草的腐解速率及养分释放规律

采用尼龙网袋法和砂滤管法研究了稻草不同还田方式下的腐解及养分释放规律。结果表明：稻草还田后，前期腐解快，后期较慢。翻埋还田的稻草腐解速率明显快于覆盖还田稻草，整个试验期间（210d）翻埋还田的稻草腐解率达到76．55％，而覆盖还田的稻草仅为53．50％。稻草覆盖与翻埋两种还田方式下养分释放速率均以钾（K）最快，磷（P）次之，氮（N）最慢。还田10d内，两种方式下K分别释放了50．32％和90．13％。稻草与土壤充分混合条件下，稻草和土壤矿化释放的氮以NO3-N为主（〉80％），NH4-N和可溶性有机氮较少；在稻草还田后的前40d存在土壤微生物与作物竞争土壤矿质氮的现象，40d之后此现象消失，稻草开始氮的净矿化；在稻草埋入土壤时同时配施适量的氮肥，则不会出现微生物的夺氮现象。整个试验期间，该土壤氮净矿化量达90．4mg／kg土。     

龙感湖沉积物中人类活动导致的营养盐累积通量估算*

通过LL-4孔沉积环境指标研究表明,近100年来龙感湖地区人类活动加强,导致营养元素磷、碳、氮以及铁在沉积物中的浓度均呈增长趋势,特别是1950年以来,随着大量人口的迁入,围湖造田、破坏湖滨湿地等造成水土流失加剧,沉积物质量累积速率加快,同时营养元素累积量急剧增加。根据营养元素与参比元素Al, Fe和Ti之间的关系,以及不同营养元素之间的相互关系,人类活动引起的累积量得以从自然背景上区分出来,结合沉积物质量累积速率计算,人类活动引起的磷、有机碳和氮的累积通量分别在151.0~889.4mg/m²a,4.3~149.0g/m²a和0.5~18.6g/m²a间变化。碎屑物质的累积稀释了沉积物中营养盐的富集浓度,龙感湖草型湖泊的特点,使湖泊沉积环境易于呈氧化环境,生物和地球化学作用,也削弱了人类活动累积营养盐的变化幅度,使沉积中营养盐呈平稳上升的趋势。     

图像数字去噪处理方法研究及其应用

本文基于地震剖面的数字化图像特征,提出用光栅算子将地震剖面按产状分离成产状相对单一的多幅数字图像剖面。对每一幅产状相对单一的数字图像剖面,用向量分解技术的向量最大特征值对应基向量投影的原理获取有效相干信息的办法实现信噪分离;在结合地质、物探分析的基础上进行最终输出剖面的滤波加权重建,获得信噪比高、波组特征保持好、分辨率相对保证的剖面。实际资料处理结果表明本文提出方法的去噪应用效果显著。     

西北地区东部秋季降水日数时空特征分析

利用西北地区东部(95°~112°E,32°~41°N)共104个测站的1960~2000年秋季(9~11月)降水日数资料,通过主成分分析和旋转主成分分析等方法,对我国西北地区东部秋季降水日数异常的时空特征进行了研究。结果表明:西北地区东部秋季0.1 mm以上的降水日数多年平均分布总体上从南向北减少,并存在两个多雨日中心,一个位于祁连山地区;另一个位于青海南部和四川北部地区。其异常分布主要表现为一致性异常和西北与东南相反的异常两种形式,降水日数气候区可主要划分为西北东部副热带季风区、青海东北及甘肃中部区、甘肃河西及河套地区、青海高原南部及川西高原区。各气候区代表站降水日数年代际变化均呈现下降趋势,1978年前后是秋季降水日数由多变少的转折点。