Climatic characteristics of high temperature in East China during 1961–2005

Based on the daily maximum temperature data covering the period 1961-2005, temporal and spatial characteristics and their changing in mean annual and monthly high temperature days（HTDs）and the mean daily maximum temperature（MDMT）during annual and monthly HTDs in East China were studied.The results show that the mean annual HTDs were 15.1 and the MDMT during annual HTDs was 36.3℃in the past 45 years.Both the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs were negative anomaly in the1980s and positive anomaly in the other periods of time,oscillating with a cycle of about 12-15 years.The mean annual HTDs were more in the southern part,but less in the northern part of East China.The MDMT during annual HTDs was higher in Zhejiang,Anhui and Jiangxi provinces in the central and western parts of East China.The high temperature process（HTP） was more in the southwestern part,but less in northeastern part of East China.Both the HTDs and the numbers of HTP were at most in July,and the MDMT during monthly HTDs was also the highest in July.In the first 5 years of the 21st century,the mean annual HTDs and the MDMT during annual HTDs increased at most of the stations,both the mean monthly HTDs and the MDMT during monthly HTDs were positive anomalies from April to October,the number of each type of HTP generally was at most and the MDMT in each type of HTP was also the highest.     

欧亚大陆积雪分布及其类型划分

利用1966-2012年欧亚大陆1152个地面气象台站积雪深度资料,对欧亚大陆积雪深度、累计积雪天数和连续积雪天数的空间分布进行了分析,以连续积雪天数为标准对欧亚大陆季节性积雪类型进行了划分,并与应用累计积雪天数对积雪区类型的划分进行了比较研究. 结果表明：欧亚大陆积雪分布具有显著纬度地带性特征,积雪深度、累计积雪天数和连续积雪天数的大值分布区均位于俄罗斯平原的东北部、科拉半岛、西西伯利亚平原、中西伯利亚高原以及俄罗斯远东北部大部分区域. 与累计积雪天数划分方法相比,利用连续积雪天数对欧亚大陆季节性积雪分区,在前苏联地区积雪类型分区差异并不显著,但蒙古和中国的稳定积雪区明显缩减,青藏高原无稳定积雪区,中国大部分地区为非周期性不稳定积雪区. 两种积雪分区划分方法比较结果显示,连续积雪天数划分方法更能体现积雪累积的连续性和持久性,更符合对稳定积雪和不稳定积雪的划分标准.     

呼伦贝尔市大（暴）雪气候特征及类型分析

对呼伦贝尔市16个台站1970—2009年大（暴）雪日进行了统计分析得出：大（暴）雪日地域分布不均匀性,林区多于农区,农区又多于牧区;年代际特征是上世纪70年代与80年代日数相当,且日数较多,到了90年代日数大幅减少,进入本世纪初,大（暴）雪日又呈增多态势;春季3、4月份大（暴）雪日数多、秋季或初冬次之、隆冬反而少的分布特征。呼伦贝尔市大（暴）雪天气有两种主要天气类型。     

A Study of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structure During a Clear Day in the Arid Region of Northwest China

The local climate and atmospheric circulation pattern exert a clear influence on the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） formation and development in Northwest China. In this paper, we use field observational data to analyze the distribution and characteristics of the ABL in the extremely arid desert in Dunhuang, Northwest China. These data show that the daytime convective boundary layer and night time stable boundary layer in this area extend to higher altitudes than in other areas. In the night time, the stable boundary layer exceeds 900 m in altitude and can sometimes peak at 1750 m, above which the residual layer may reach up to about 4000 m. The daytime convective boundary layer develops rapidly after entering the residual layer, and exceeds 4000 m in thickness. The results show that the deep convective boundary layer in the daytime is a pre-requisite for maintaining the deep residual mixed layer in the night time. Meanwhile, the deep residual mixed layer in the night time provides favorable thermal conditions for the development of the convective boundary layer in the daytime. The prolonged periods of clear weather that often occurs in this area allow the cumulative effect of the atmospheric residual layer to develop fully, which creates thermal conditions beneficial for the growth of the daytime convective boundary layer. At the same time, the land surface process and atmospheric motion within the surface layer in this area also provide helpful support for forming the particular structure of the thermal ABL. High surface temperature is clearly the powerful external thermal forcing for the deep convective boundary layer. Strong sensible heat flux in the surface layer provides the required energy. Highly convective atmosphere and strong turbulence provide the necessary dynamic conditions, and the accumulative effect of the residual layer provides a favorable thermal environment.     

近45年来河北省极端降水事件的变化研究

利用河北省1961-2005年逐日降水资料,采用通用的极端气候指数,分析了近45年河北省极端降水事件频率变化的时空特征.结果表明,全省平均年最大日降水量呈下降趋势,1980年为由多向少的转折点;强降水日数和暴雨日数变化不大,但南部平原地区一般减少,北部山地区域多有增加,暴雨日数和强度在1990年代中后期显著增加;降水日数有较明显减少,南部和东南部平原减少更显著;降水日数的减少主要是中、小雨(雪)日数减少造成的.这些结果说明,河北省强降水日数和暴雨日数在降水日数中的比重有增大趋势,强降水量和暴雨降水量在总降水量中的比重可能增加了.这种相对增加趋势主要发生在1990年代中期以后.     

1961～2004年漠河年均温与持续极端气温频数的变化分析

利用漠河站点1961～2004年逐日平均、最高和最低气温资料计算得到的年均温、年变化和季节变化的持续暖口和冷夜频数,分析了它们的线性趋势、增量、显著性和平稳性.其中年均温升高了约1.61℃,年持续暖口频数增加了约4次,冬季持续暖日频数和夏季持续冷夜频数都呈显著增加趋势.分别对年均温和年持续频数的线性回归关系,以及年均温和季持续频数的线性回归关系进行了显著性检验.在线性回归关系显著的情况下,分别就各频数序列埘年均温的影响逐一进行显著性检验,从而揭示了年均温与符频数序列的变化关系.研究结果表明:从按年,变化的角度米分析,年均温的升高是由年持续暖日频数的增加和年持续冷夜频数的减少共同显著影响的;从按季变化的角度来分析,年均温的升高主要由春、夏季持续暖日频数的增加和春、秋季持续冷夜频数的减少共同显著影响的.     

时间尺度分离在华南夏季极端高温预测中的应用

基于高温日数存在受不同物理因子影响不同时间尺度变率的特征,应用滤波对华南夏季高温日数进行时间尺度分离,得到高温日数的年代际分量和年际分量。统计分析高温日数总量、年代际分量和年际分量在各自对应时间尺度上的影响因子,采用"向前"交叉检验逐步回归法,分别建立高温日数总量、年代际分量和年际分量的回归模型。高温日数总量的回归模型即为高温日数不区分时间尺度的直接回归模型,而两个分量回归模型拟合结果的叠加,即为高温日数时间尺度分离统计模型对总量的拟合。利用十折交叉检验法,对高温日数直接回归模型和时间尺度分离统计模型的拟合结果进行比较:相比高温日数直接回归模型,时间尺度分离统计模型的年代际分量均方根误差由2.6降低到2.3,与观测数据的相关系数由0.69提高到0.73（显著性水平α=0.01）;年际分量均方根误差由3.2降低到2.9,与观测数据的相关系数由0.4（α=0.1）提高到0.48（α=0.01）;高温日数总量均方根误差由4.1降低到3.7,与观测数据的相关系数由0.48提高到0.62（α=0.01）。1979~2010年拟合时段华南夏季高温日数的回报结果表明:两模型回报结果与观测数据均存在明显相关（α=0.01）,直接回归模型的相关系数为0.57,时间尺度分离统计模型提高到0.72。2011~2013年独立检验时段的预测结果表明:直接回归模型预测结果的平均均方根误差为26.4%,时间尺度分离统计模型降低到12.3%。初步结果表明,两模型对华南夏季高温日数均有一定的预测能力,而时间尺度分离统计模型的预测结果有所改进。     

Assessing Changes in Rainstorms in Beijing During the Last 50 Years

With global warming, rainstorms and other extreme weather events are occurring frequently, leading to urban waterlogging disasters. A study on spatiotemporal variation characteristics of rainstorms in urban areas can provide scientific support for the design of urban drainage facilities to mitigate the damage of urban flooding disasters. Drawing on daily rainfall data from 20 meteorological stations during 1960-2010, this study analyzed change trends for annual rainstorms in Beijing, using the Mann-Kendall approach and cumulative departure curve as methodology. The results show that annual days of rainstorms in Beijing decreased non-significantly, but the precipitation of rainstorms and annual maximum daily precipitation declined significantly. The frequency of rainstorms generally decreased from southeast to northwest, with the greatest decrease occurring in the southeast plain areas. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of rainstorm risk in Beijing.     

我国南方旬降水量的统计特征

本文对秦岭—淮河以南地区旬降水量的时空分布特征进行了初步统计分析。指出论域内各旬降水量大多为正偏态和尖峰态分布。谐波分析表明,旬降水量年变化以1波为主。1波振幅和位相的自然正交分析显示出其年际变化趋势的空间分布各具特色。     

1961—2010年桂北晚稻寒露风特征分析

利用广西融安1961—2010年逐日气温和降水量数据,按2008年中国气象局颁布的"寒露风等级气象行业标准",统计该地区近50 a寒露风发生情况。结果表明,近50 a晚稻寒露风屡年发生;从危害日数和天气过程次数来看,以轻度和湿冷型为主;从危害敏感期来看,抽穗开花期影响最严重,花粉母细胞减数分裂期次之,幼穗分化期影响相对较小;从寒露风出现早晚、危害日数和过程次数来看,寒露风年际变化较大,且自21世纪以来寒露风危害呈现减弱趋势。