Treatments of the boundary layer in a five-layer primitive equation model with mixed P—σcoordinates are improved by incorporating similarity theory,which is widely used at present.Twokinds of parameterization schemes of the boundary layer are designed,and static test and numericalsimulation are performed.It is found that the iterative scheme can fairly improve the simulation ofthe mean climate field in July.The abnormally strong heat low over the Tibetan Plateau isweakened to some extent. 相似文献
By using the Betts-Miller-Janjic, Grell-Devenyi, and Kain-Fritsch cumulus convective parameterization
schemes in theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, long time simulations from 2000 to 2009 are
conducted to investigate the impacts of different cumulus convective parameterization schemes on summer
monsoon precipitation simulation over China. The results show that all the schemes have the capability
to reasonably reproduce the spatial and temporal distributions of summer monsoon precipitation and the
corresponding background circulation. The observed north-south shift of monsoon rain belt is also well
simulated by the three schemes. Detailed comparison indicates that the Grell-Devenyi scheme gives a better
performance than the others. Deficiency in simulated water vapor transport is one possible reason for the
precipitation simulation bias. 相似文献
Public participation in transparent decisionmaking has been proposed as a panacea for environmental protection. Bargaining theory suggests drawbacks to transparency such as hardening of attitudes and intransigence. Yet achievement of consensus on environmental values for integrated water resource management demands public involvement. Historical study of attempts to prevent reservoir construction in upland valleys designated for protection of nature suggests that 'closed-door' bargaining proved more effective for environmentalists than open, public debate. Records now open for analysis of disputes over Teesdale and Farndale, 1950–1970, allow comparisons to be made between behind-the-scenes deliberations and 'open-door' public discussion. The ambition of progressing from public participation to devolution of environmental decisionmaking and responsibility to the local scale demands more conceptualization of the process of decisionmaking on water resource development. 相似文献
An examination is made of the hypothesis that internal cloud properties are determined by the mixing of dry air from above the cloud top and cloud base air in such a way that the mixture is neutrally buoyant with respect to the clear air environment at each level. It is concluded that the resulting mixture is much drier than is actually observed. Comments are made about observed cloud properties which need to be taken into account in any model of the mixing process. 相似文献