郭型积云对流参数化方案的对比试验及潜热加热效应

本文利用复杂地形条件下的嵌套细网格预报模式和1979年FGGEⅢ_b级资料对郭型积云对流参数化方案中的垂直加热分布函数及增湿系数进行了对比试验,並讨论了潜热加热效应。 结果表明,在四种垂直加热分布函数中,θ_(se)差方案主要加热出现在对流层高层,这使气柱渐趋稳定,最后抑制积云对流发展,预报效果较好。在三种增湿系数方案中,以分段线性函数法为好,它计算的b值分布合理,预报效果也好。因水汽凝结潜热加热将使气柱平均温度升高,上升运动加强,对流层中低层降压辐合,使对流层高层加压辐散。     

辽宁夏季积云降水发生频率及人工影响潜力分析

用辽宁14个台站的常规地面观测记录，统计分析了6～8月各类积云的发生频率及其降水特征，结合沈阳站的探空资料，分析了各类积云的降水能力和人工影响潜力。结果表明：①辽宁夏季积云出现概率很大，每站年均41．5d，占夏季总云日的50％以上；②平均每年每站有11d以上的积云降水，为夏季总降水日数的36．9％；③各地区平均积云降水量占总降水量的33．5％，其中积云暴雨量占总暴雨雨量的43．1％；④有层状云伴随出现的积云、积雨云出现的概率较大，但多数情况降水效率不很高，具有较多的人工增雨作业机会和潜力，可以作为人工催化的主要作业对象。     

共聚焦点道集偏移速度建模

偏移速度建模可在多种道集实现.基于等时原理和差异时移分析,提出了共聚焦点道集偏移速度建模方法.偏移速度的更新是利用约束参数迭代反演实现,模型的参数化主要依据实际情况而定.为适应横向变速,选用了垂直速度梯度参数.模型试算表明:偏移速度相对误差在0.25%范围内,反射层深度误差小于10m.     

海-陆-气全球耦合模式能量收支的误差

通过分析GOALS模式两个版本GOALS 1.1和GOALS 2的能量收支 ,并与观测对比 ,结果表明 :模式模拟的地表净短波辐射通量在高纬地区偏低 ,而净长波辐射通量又偏高 ,导致极地表面温度偏低 ,感热通量在高纬地区为很高的负值。而在陆地上感热加热作用显著偏强 ,使地表有较大的向上净能量给大气 ,引起陆地上有些暖中心也偏强 ,这也解释了模式模拟地表面空气温度场的误差原因。海洋上潜热通量偏低 ,特别是在副热带洋面上偏少更明显。陆地上的欧亚和北美大陆大部分地区潜热通量仍偏低。这也是模式降水在大部分地区偏少的重要原因。两模式大气顶OLR偏低的模拟主要是在中低纬度 ,大气顶净短波辐射通量的模拟在中低纬度虽然与NCEP结果接近 ,但与地球辐射收支试验ERBE资料比较仍偏小较多 ,说明改进中低纬度云 辐射参数化方案对改进全球能量收支的模拟有重要意义。GOALS 2模式中诊断云方案模拟的云量除赤道地区外普遍偏小 ,尤以中纬度为甚 ,造成那里能量收支出现大的误差 ,这表明了更好的云参数化方案的引入是今后模式发展的重要任务之一     

NUMERICA STUDY OF THUNDERSTORM ELECTRIFICATION WITH A THREE-DIMENSIONAL DYNAMICS AND ELECTRIFICATION COUPLED MODEL—MODEL DESCRIPTION AND PARAMETERIZATION OF ELECTRICAL PROCESSES*

A new three-dimensional dynamics and electrification coupled model has been developed for investigating the characteristics of microphysics,dynamics and electrification inside thunderstorms.This model is basically modified from a three-dimensional,time-dependent,and dual-parameter cloud model originally established in IAP (Institute of Atmospheric Physics) and a two-dimensional axisymmetric cloud dynamics and electrification coupled model.Primary modifications to the model include not only the coupling of electrification with dynamical and microphysical processes,but also the lightning discharge process and screening layer effect at the cloud top as well.Apart from including a full treatment of small ions with attachment to six classes of hydrometeors,the inductive and non-inductive charging mechanisms are more specifically considered.A case simulation of July 19.1981 CCOPE is performed aiming to validate the potential capability of the model.Comparison between model results and observations reveals that the model has the capacity to reproduce many of the observed characteristics of thunderstorms in dynamical,microphysical,and electrical aspects.     

北京冬季城市边界层结构形成机制的初步数值研究

利用耦合了城市冠层参数化方案的MM5模式对2001年冬季北京地区一次典型的城市边界层过程进行成功模拟的基础上,对北京城市化作用、周边地形以及城市化进程发展对城市边界层结构的影响等问题进行了一系列的数值模拟试验。城市化作用的因子分离试验发现,城市化的总体作用即城市下垫面结构对大气热力及动力的综合影响导致了北京冬季城市边界层结构主要特征的形成。此外,揭示了城市结构的不同影响因子———动力因子、热力因子和热动力因子间的相互作用在北京冬季城市边界层结构形成和演变过程中的不同作用。在夜间,城市结构的动力因子对于城市边界层主要特征如市区悬浮逆温、近地层中小的风速及较强的湍流动能等的形成起着主导作用;在白天,城市结构的热力因子则成为影响市区混合层强度以及湍流运动特征等边界层结构的主导因素;热、动力因子间的相互作用对城市边界层结构的形成和演变也有着重要作用,但其影响特征比较复杂。北京周边地形作用的敏感性试验的结果表明,北京周边的特殊地形条件对城市边界层热力结构特征如悬浮逆温层及城市热岛等的结构及分布特征的形成也有着明显的影响,使其具有特殊的局地化特征,同时,它也是北京地区近地层主要气流特征的强迫源。不同城市化程度的敏感性试验结果揭示,随着北京城市建筑高度和密度的增加,市区风速将减小、湍流动能将加强,夜间城市悬浮逆温层底的高度会有所提高,城市热岛的强度也将加强,并可能在白天出现比较明显的城市热岛效应。     

不同参数化方案试验对南黄海典型台风中心最低气压和最大风速数值模拟影响

为提高对南黄海典型台风的中心最低气压及其最大风速的预报能力,本文以经过南黄海的典型台风——2011年09号台风"梅花"以及2015年09号台风"灿鸿"为例,基于WRF中尺度数值预报模式,以欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECWMF)的再分析资料作为模式的初始场以及侧边界条件,对南黄海台风数值模拟进行了分析。结果表明,不同微物理方案的选择对南黄海典型台风中心最低气压和最大风速模拟结果影响较小;YSU边界层方案以及KF积云对流方案组合模拟效果最佳,可使南黄海典型台风中心最低气压和最大风速的模拟结果误差最小。     

A field‐based parameterization of wind flow recovery in the lee of dryland plants

Wind erosion is a key component of land degradation in vulnerable dryland regions. Despite a wealth of studies investigating the impact of vegetation and windbreaks on windflow in controlled wind‐tunnel and modelling environments, there is still a paucity of empirical field data for accurately parameterizing the effect of vegetation in wind and sediment transport models. The aim of this study is to present a general parameterization of wind flow recovery in the lee of typical dryland vegetation elements (grass clumps and shrubs), based on their height (h ) and optical porosity (θ ). Spatial variations in mean wind velocity around eight isolated vegetation elements in Namibia (three grass clumps and five shrubs) were recorded at 0.30 m height, using a combination of sonic and cup anemometry sampled at a temporal frequency of 10 seconds. Wind flow recovery in the lee of the elements was parameterized in an exponential form, . The best‐fit parameters derived from the field data were u ₀ = u _ref(0.0146θ ? 0.4076) and b = 0.0105θ + 0.1627 . By comparing this parameterization to existing models, it is shown that wind recovery curves derived from two‐dimensional wind fence experiments may not be suitable analogues for describing airflow around more complex, three‐dimensional forms. Field‐derived parameterizations such as the one presented here are a crucial step for connecting plant‐scale windflow behaviour to dryland bedform development at landscape scales. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

The CREp program and the ICE-D production rate calibration database: A fully parameterizable and updated online tool to compute cosmic-ray exposure ages

Over the last decades, cosmogenic exposure dating has permitted major advances in many fields of Earth surface sciences and particularly in paleoglaciology. Yet, exposure age calculation remains a complicated and dense procedure. It requires numerous choices of parameterization and the use of an accurate production rate.This study describes the CREp program (http://crep.crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr) and the ICE-D production rate online database (http://calibration.ice-d.org). This system is designed so that the CREp calculator will automatically reflect the current state of this global calibration database production rate, ICE-D. ICE-D will be regularly updated in order to incorporate new calibration data and reflect the current state of the available literature.CREp is a Octave/Matlab^© online code that computes Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) ages for ³He and ¹⁰Be. A stand-alone version of the CREp code is also released with the present article. Note however that only the online version is connected to the online database ICE-D. The CREp program offers the possibility to calculate ages with two scaling models: i.e. the empirical Lal-Stone time-dependent model (Balco et al., 2008; Lal, 1991; Stone, 2000) with the muon parameters of Braucher et al. (2011), and the Lifton-Sato-Dunai (LSD) theoretical model (Lifton et al., 2014). The default atmosphere model is the ERA-40 database (Uppala et al., 2005), but one may also use the standard atmosphere for comparison (N.O.A.A, 1976). To perform the time-dependent correction, users may import their own geomagnetic database for paleomagnetic corrections or opt for one of the three proposed datasets (Lifton, 2016; Lifton et al., 2014; Muscheler et al., 2005).For the important choice of the production rate, CREp is linked to a database of production rate calibration data that is part of the ICE-D (Informal Cosmogenic-nuclide Exposure-age Database) project (http://calibration.ice-d.org). This database includes published empirical calibration rate studies that are publicly available at present, comprising those of the CRONUS-Earth and CRONUS-EU projects, as well as studies from other projects. In the present study, the efficacy of the different scaling models has also been evaluated looking at the statistical dispersion of the computed Sea Level High Latitude (SLHL) production rates. Lal/Stone and LSD models have comparable efficacies, and the impact of the tested atmospheric model and the geomagnetic database is also limited.Users however have several possibilities to select the production rate: 1) using a worldwide mean value, 2) a regionally averaged value (not available in regions with no data), 3) a local unique value, which can be chosen among the existing dataset or imported by the user, or 4) any combination of multiple calibration data.If a global mean is chosen, the 1σ uncertainty arising from the production rate is about 5% for ¹⁰Be and 10% for ³He. If a regional production rate is picked, these uncertainties are potentially lower.CREp is able to calculate a large number of ages in a reasonable time (typically < 30 s for 50 samples). The user may export a summary table of the computed ages and the density probability function associated with each age (in the form of a spreadsheet).     

六种近地层湍流动量输送系数计算方案对比分析

选取30多年来近地层湍流通量研究中具有代表性的六种参数化方案, 应用GAME/Tibet试验中那曲通量观测站的实测资料, 对比分析了各方案计算所得的湍流动量输送系数 (C_M) 之间的差异。结果表明:六种参数化方案计算得到的湍流动量输送系数之间存在较大差异。对于那曲观测站稀疏短草下垫面而言, 稳定条件下当理查孙数小于0.1时, 除Businger71方案存在显著低估以外, 其他各方案均能较好估算湍流动量输送系数; 不稳定条件下, Dyer74方案对湍流动量输送系数的估算效果最好, 其次为Wang02, Launiainen95和Louis82方案, Businger71方案误差较大。