Modelling hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg,Germany

Abstract

The study analyses a 2-year period of hourly rates of real evapotranspiration (ETr) derived from eddy covariance measurements and soil water contents at depths from 8 to 90 cm, monitored by time domain reflectometry probes at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg of the Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory – Richard-Aßmann-Observatory, operated by the German Meteorological Service (DWD). The ETr rates and soil water contents were compared with the results of a modelling approach consisting of the Penman-Monteith equation and the soil water balance model Hydrus-1D using a noncompensatory and a compensatory root-water uptake model. After optimization of soil hydraulic parameters by inverse modelling, using measured soil water contents as the objective function, simulated and measured model outputs showed good agreement for soil water contents above 90 cm depth and for ETr rates simulated by our modelling approaches using noncompensatory root-water uptake. The application of a compensatory root-water uptake model led to a decrease in the simulation quality for the total investigation period.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz

Citation Wegehenkel, M. and Beyrich, F., 2014. Modelling of hourly evapotranspiration and soil water content at the grass-covered boundary-layer field site Falkenberg, Germany. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (2), 376–394.     

枫丹白露砂土的环境箱蒸发试验

为研究土壤水分的蒸发机理,自主开发了大型环境箱试验装置,并以枫丹白露砂土为研究对象,室内模拟土壤水分的蒸发过程。该试验在控制大气参数和保持土壤底部水位稳定的条件下,对蒸发过程中大气参数（空气温度、相对湿度和流量）和土壤参数（土壤温度、基质吸力和体积含水量）的变化,特别是土壤表面基质吸力的变化进行了研究。同时根据试验结果对蒸发速率及累积蒸发量进行了计算分析。研究结果表明:蒸发主要限制在土壤浅层区域,浅层土壤的体积含水量和温度的变化均较大;空气温度和土壤蒸发过程对土壤温度的变化具有较大的影响;土壤表面空气相对湿度与蒸发过程具有相关性;土壤基质吸力随着蒸发的进行逐渐增大; 实际蒸发速率呈现3个阶段。     

基于地下水位与土壤含水量的地下水蒸散发估算北大核心CSCD

地下水蒸散发(Groundwater evapotranspiration,ET_(g))是地下水浅埋环境中垂向水文循环的重要组分,是干旱区地下水主要的自然排泄方式(>70%)。准确估算ET_(g)对科学管理干旱区农业与水资源、合理保护和修复地下水依赖型植被意义重大。本文基于地下水位和土壤水分波动方法估算了甘肃临泽县锁龙潭湿地附近的沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)林2017—2018年生长季(4月15日至10月15日)的ET_(g)。结果表明:(1)2017、2018年生长季ET_(g)分别为275、511 mm,在实际蒸散发(ETa)中分别占73%、87%;其中7—8月约占整个生长季ET_(g)的48.2%、48.4%,大致与地下水位变化及植被生长过程同期。(2)ET_(g)及其占总蒸散发的比例与潜在蒸散发、土壤储水量、地下水位正相关(P<0.05),这3个要素对ET_(g)的方差解释率均较高(2017年48%、21%、31%,2018年24%、24%、52%)。(3)数据驱动方法在荒漠绿洲过渡带地下水浅埋环境ET_(g)量化评估中虽然可行,但时间分辨率较低,融合机制模型的数据驱动方法是未来提高ET_(g)估算精度的重要思路。     

基于蒸散干旱指数的华北地区干旱研究

本文利用卫星遥感资料以及常规气象资料驱动基于地表净辐射、植被指数、平均气温和日温差的蒸散模型来估测日实际蒸散量,并与栾城站涡动相关法测量的实际蒸散作对比验证。定性分析了实际蒸散与各相关影响因子的时空变化规律;通过蒸散干旱指数（EDI）分析华北地区的干旱分布特点,并分别与PDSI指数和降水距平百分率作对比。结果表明：ET模型估测的蒸散值与实测值的相关性很好,其模拟精度对于大面积干旱监测的空间尺度上是可用的;EDI距平指数表征干旱分布的空间分辨率较高,且对旱情的指示和干旱程度的判定比较可靠。     

基于光能利用效率的区域蒸散量反演模型——以玉米种植区为例

以内蒙古河套地区解放闸灌域为研究区域,以实测生物量与土壤含水量及其关系方程为研究基础,建立了基于光能利用效率(radiation use efficiency,RUE)的区域蒸散量反演模型;以陆面能量平衡(surface energy balance algorithm for land,SEBAL)模型为参考,对反演的同一时期的区域蒸散量进行对比分析.结果表明:RUE与SEBAL模型反演的区域蒸散量在空间分布和纹理特征方面具有相似性且相关性较高,决定系数高于农业技术推广支持系统(decision support system for agrotechnology transfer,DSSAT)与SEBAL的;基于RUE建立的区域蒸散量反演模型能够较好地反映区域蒸散量,在监测区植被(或作物)单一的前提下,是一种有效方法.     

How do potential evapotranspiration formulas influence hydrological projections?

ABSTRACT

This paper evaluates the sensitivity of hydrological projections to the choice of potential evapotranspiration formulas on two natural sub-catchments, in Canada and Germany. Twenty-four equations, representing a large range of options, are applied for calibration over the whole observation time series and for future conditions. The modelling chain is composed of dynamically downscaled climatic projections and a 20-member (ensemble) hydrological model, along with a snow module. The roots of the sensitivity and its propagation within the hydrological chain are evaluated to show influences on climate change impact conclusions. Results show large differences between the 24 simulated potential evapotranspiration time series. However, these discrepancies only moderately affect the calibration efficiency of hydrological models as a result of adaptation of parameters. Choice of formula influences hydrological projections and climate change conclusions for both catchments in terms of simulated and projected values, and also in the magnitude of changes during important dynamic periods such as spring and autumn high flows and summer low flows. Spread of the hydrological response is lower for the combinational formulas than for temperature-based or radiation-based equations. All the results reveal the importance of testing a large spectrum of potential evapotranspiration formulas in a decision-making context, such as water resources management.     

Validation and calibration of solar radiation equations for estimating daily reference evapotranspiration at cool semi-arid and arid locations

ABSTRACT

In this work, the applicability of 12 solar radiation (R_S) estimation models and their impacts on daily reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) estimates using the Penman‐Monteith FAO-56 (PMF-56) method were tested under cool arid and semi-arid conditions in Iran. The results indicated that the average increase in accuracy of the ET_o estimates by the calibrated R_S models, quantified by the decrease in RMSE, was 2.8% and 6.4% for semi-arid and arid climates, respectively. Mean daily deviations in the estimated ET_o by the calibrated R_S equations in semi-arid climates varied from ?0.283?mm/d^-1 for the Glover‐McCulloch model to 0.080?mm/d for the El-Sebaii model, with an average of ?0.109?mm/d^-1, and in arid climates, they ranged from ?0.522?mm/d^-1 for the Samani model to 0.668?mm/d for the El-Sebaii model, with an average of 0.125?mm/d^-1.

Editor D. Koutsyiannis; Associate editor Not assigned     

Trends in land surface evapotranspiration across China with remotely sensed NDVI and climatological data for 1981–2010

Abstract

Using satellite observations of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from NOAA-AVHRR and Terra-MODIS, together with climatic data in a physical evapotranspiration (ET) model, the spatio-temporal variability of ET is investigated in terrestrial China from 1981 to 2010. The model predictions of actual ET (ET_a) are validated with ET values from in situ eddy covariance flux measurements and from basin water balance calculations. The national averaged crop reference ET (ET_p) and ET_a values are 916 ± 21 and 415 ± 12 mm year^-1, respectively. The annual ET_a pattern is closely associated with vegetation conditions in the eastern part of China, whereas ET_a is low in the sparsely-vegetated areas and deserts in the northwestern region, corresponding to scarce rainfall events and amounts. The trends of ET_p and ET_a are remarkably different over the country, and the complementary relationship between ET_p and ET_a is revealed for the study period. Averaged over the whole country, ET_a showed an increasing trend from the 1980s to the mid-1990s, followed by a decreasing trend, consistent with the precipitation anomaly. Across the main vegetation types, annual ET_a amounts are found to correspond clearly with the bands of precipitation and ET_p.     

Understanding hydrological trends by combining the Budyko hypothesis and a stochastic soil moisture model

Abstract

The actual evapotranspiration and runoff trends of five major basins in China from 1956 to 2000 are investigated by combining the Budyko hypothesis and a stochastic soil moisture model. Based on the equations of Choudhury and Porporato, the actual evapotranspiration trends and the runoff trends are attributed to changes in precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, rainfall depth and water storage capacity which depends on the soil water holding capacity and the root depth. It was found that the rainfall depth increased significantly in China during the past 50 years, especially in southern basins. Contributions from changes in the water storage capacity were significant in basins where land surface characteristics have changed substantially due to human activities. It was also observed that the actual evapotranspiration trends are more sensitive to precipitation trends in water-limited basins, but more sensitive to potential evapotranspiration trends in energy-limited basins.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Porporato     

Advances in the study of the Crop Evapotranspiration in Changing Environment

Significant changes in the regional energy process, water recycling and the biological process have taken place due to the climate change and human activities, and the regional agriculture has been affected by these changes. It is therefore a key issue for the regional agricultural water resource management to accurately monitor and evaluate the change of crop evapotranspiration under a changing environment. The development of the evapotranspiration theory was first reviewed, and then, the driven mechanisms and the research progress of crop evapotranspiration were illustrated. The suitability of the current monitoring method and evaluation model of the evapotranspiration in the crop evapotranspiration research under climate change were analyzed. After that, the current studies of the agricultural water resources management of “ET-based” were reviewed, and finally, the research tendency of the crop evapotranspiration on the theory, methods and application management in the future were prospected.