修正的威布尔模型在沉降预测中的应用研究

地基沉降预测一直是岩土工程中的一个热门问题。针对传统的指数曲线预测模型存在的不足,对其进行了分析与改进,提出了更具有一般性的威布尔曲线模型,并通过工程实例验证了该模型的合理性与准确性。发现所提出的模型对路基沉降的预测结果精度高,具有一定的参考和使用价值,最后指出了需进一步研究的问题。     

构造高差分析原理及其在地学研究中的应用

构造高差分析是构造解析及平衡剖面制作与恢复的基础.长期以来,构造高差并没有一个严格的定义,也缺乏原理性描述;构造高差分析也主要局限在构造地貌和地形高差的分析.本文在分析前人有关构造解析、地貌高差和构造高差研究的基础上,提出构造高程概念,将构造高差定义为构造高程之差,拓展了构造高差的内涵;并将构造高程定义为地质点所在构造...     

Twentieth century agricultural drainage creates more erosive rivers

Rivers in watersheds dominated by agriculture throughout the US are impaired by excess sediment, a significant portion of which comes from non‐field, near‐channel sources. Both land‐use and climate have been implicated in altering river flows and thereby increasing stream‐channel erosion and sediment loading. In the wetland‐rich landscapes of the upper Mississippi basin, 20th century crop conversions have led to an intensification of artificial drainage, which is now a critical component of modern agriculture. At the same time, much of the region has experienced increased annual rainfall. Uncertainty in separating these drivers of streamflow fuels debate between agricultural and environmental interests on responsibility and solutions for excess riverine sediment. To disentangle the effects of climate and land‐use, we compared changes in precipitation, crop conversions, and extent of drained depressional area in 21 Minnesota watersheds over the past 70 years. Watersheds with large land‐use changes had increases in seasonal and annual water yields of >50% since 1940. On average, changes in precipitation and crop evapotranspiration explained less than one‐half of the increase, with the remainder highly correlated with artificial drainage and loss of depressional areas. Rivers with increased flow have experienced channel widening of 10–40% highlighting a source of sediment seldom addressed by agricultural best management practices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北板块北缘东段二叠纪的构造属性:来自火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学与地球化学的制约

本文对华北板块北缘东段大河深组、关门咀子组火山岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MSU-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究以便制约该区的区域构造演化。大河深组和关门咀子组火山岩中的锆石均呈自形-半自形晶,具有清晰的岩浆振荡生长环带和条痕状吸收(玄武安山岩)的特点,其Th/U比值高达0.31～1.56,表明其岩浆成因。测年结果表明,桦甸大河深组流纹岩形成于早二叠世(279±3Ma～293±2Ma),珲春和图们关门咀子组玄武安山岩和玄武岩分别形成于早二叠世(275±7Ma)和晚二叠世(250±5Ma)。大河深组火山岩SiO2含量介于64.9%～75.4%,Mg#值介于0.21～0.57,属于中钾-高钾钙碱性系列,明显富集轻稀土元素(LREEs)和大离子亲石元素(LILEs)、亏损高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti)以及P元素,类似活动大陆边缘火山岩;其锆石的εHf(t)值为+0.9～+10.37,Hf同位素二阶段模式年龄值为785～1240Ma,表明它们均起源于中-新元古代新增生玄武质下地壳的部分熔融。珲春早二叠世关门咀子组属于中钾钙碱性系列;贫硅(53.4%～53.7%)和HFSEs,富铝(16.4%～16.8%)和LILEs,具有较低的稀土元素总量,以及较平坦的稀土配分型式,显示出岛弧火山岩的地球化学属性;该组火山岩的原始岩浆应起源于受俯冲板片脱水熔融交代的亏损地幔楔。图们晚二叠世关门咀子组玄武岩SiO2含量为48.7%～49.6%,Mg#值高达0.64～0.72,相对富集LREEs和LILEs,亏损HREEs和HFSEs,具有火山弧玄武岩的地球化学属性,同时其εNd(t)=+6.01,暗示其原始岩浆起源于亏损的岩石圈地幔。综上所述,我们认为早二叠世至晚二叠世期间,华北板块北缘东段(吉林中部地区)和兴凯地块西南缘均处于古亚洲洋的俯冲作用下。     

太原西山上古生界含煤地层最大沉积年龄的碎屑锆石U Pb定年约束及地层意义

太原西山是华北地区上古生界含煤地层标准层型剖面所在地,自1882年以来,已广泛进行了古生物学、地层学、沉积学等方面的工作,取得了大量的研究成果。但是,由于缺乏绝对年代学数据,年代地层界线多次变更,从而影响了地层划分与对比。为了确定太原西山晚古生代含煤地层的沉积时间,应用LA-MC-ICPMS对该剖面太原组、山西组及下石盒子组作为标志层的8个砂岩样品进行了碎屑锆石U-Pb定年,确定了它们的最大沉积年龄,为地层形成时限的确定提供了依据。太原组底部晋祠砂岩及上部的七里沟砂岩的YC1σ(2+)年龄分别为296±4Ma和277±2 Ma,且在七里沟砂岩-A中,62颗锆石构成了271~301Ma年龄谱,其单颗粒最年轻年龄(YSG)271±7Ma代表了其最大沉积年龄。山西组底部北岔沟砂岩及其上覆下石盒子组底部的骆驼脖子砂岩所获得的U-Pb年龄均大于七里沟砂岩,不能用来限定山西组的最大沉积年龄。与太原组牙形石生物地层的比较表明,太原组沉积于早二叠世是确定无疑的,但是,碎屑锆石U-Pb定年结果表明太原组包含Asselian、Sakmarian、Artinskian和Kungurian 4个时期的沉积,甚至进入了中二叠世,而非牙形石确定的只为Asselian期沉积,石炭-二叠系界线可能位于晋祠砂岩底界或其以下。结合前人对太原西山地区及华北晚古生代盆地的沉积学、岩石学、事件地层学等的结果,认为不能排除在晚石炭世-早二叠世存在盆内岩浆与火山活动的可能性。     

Three‐dimensional to two‐dimensional cross‐strata transition in the lower Pleistocene Catanzaro tidal strait transgressive succession (southern Italy)

Sandstone tidal cross‐strata are the predominant sedimentary feature of strait‐fill stratigraphic successions. However, although widely described in numerous studies, tidal strait‐fill two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional cross‐strata have rarely been reported to occur in discrete intervals which are laterally adjacent or vertically stacked, and the meaning of this stratigraphic architecture has not yet been fully investigated. Understanding of the processes responsible for changes in the internal features of modern and ancient tidal bedforms is essential in order to predict lateral and vertical heterogeneities in analogous reservoir strata. This facies‐based study aims to interpret the three‐dimensional to two‐dimensional cross‐strata transition observed in the lower Pleistocene mixed siliciclastic/bioclastic sandstone filling the Catanzaro Strait, in southern Italy, during a continuous phase of tectonically driven marine transgression. Tidal cross‐strata disappear in the uppermost interval of the studied succession, where mudstone strata prevail. This stratigraphic trend is interpreted as the evidence of an important change in the tidal strait hydrodynamics due to a phase of relative sea‐level rise. At the beginning of the transgression, three‐dimensional tidal dunes migrated throughout the ca 3 to 4 km wide and ca 30 km long, WNW–ESE‐oriented Catanzaro Strait, due to strong tidal currents amplified through the seaway and flowing in semi‐diurnal phase opposition. As the intermediate phase of transgression enlarged the seaway width, the tidal current strength decreased as tidal water exchange occurred over a larger cross‐sectional area. The progressive reduction of the bed shear stress modified three‐dimensional tidal dunes into an extensive two‐dimensional bedform field. At the end of the transgression, the further widening of the Catanzaro Strait into a ca 10 to 12 km wide marine passageway changed the tidally dominated strait into a non‐tidal open shelf. The results of this research suggest the presence of a ‘critical cross‐sectional area’ in the narrowest strait‐centre zone which controls the activation and deactivation of tidal current amplification along a marine seaway.     

甘肃古浪河口群粗碎屑岩系的层序地层序列： 祁连山白垩纪隆升的沉积学响应

受控于白垩纪时期的祁连山隆升过程,在甘肃省河西走廊地区形成了一系列的陆相盆地,在这些盆地中堆积了厚度上千米的下白垩统,其中,特别的沉积相序列所构成的沉积层序,不但代表了"非常规体系域"概念框架下较为典型的陆相层序样式,而且对认识和了解青藏高原的形成及其环境效应具有重要意义。甘肃省古浪十八里铺剖面的河口群,沉积在早白垩世兰州盆地的西北边缘,其地层学特征和沉积学属性成为白垩纪时期祁连山隆升过程的沉积学响应,主要包括以下几个方面:①河口群下部为一套紫色色调的粗碎屑岩系所构成,可以进一步划分为3个三级层序,这些层序的低可容纳空间体系域为冲积扇砾岩和辫状河沉积所组成,高可容纳空间体系域主要为湖泊相沉积所构成;②河口群上部总体为一套红层沉积,可以进一步划分为两个三级层序,层序的低可容纳空间体系域为冲积扇或洪积扇砾岩与辫状河沉积所组成,高可容纳空间体系域为滨湖相风成沙岩和干旱湖泊相泥岩所构成;③河口群的层序地层学列,总体上从潮湿气候背景下的粗碎屑序列演变到干旱气候条件下的红层序列,尤其是其上部红层序列中的风成砂岩的发育及其所表征的"雨影效应"的影响,进一步说明古浪地区河口群的堆积作用过程与白垩纪祁连山隆升过程存在密切的成因联系。因此,古浪地区下白垩统河口群粗碎屑岩系的层序地层学列,特殊的沉积相构成及其演化序列,不但成为窥视早白垩世祁连山隆升过程的物质记录,而且为早白垩世东亚大气环流格局重建提供了一个重要的物质记录。     

能谱仪PPA分析方法的实验研究: 以山西大同新生代玄武岩样品为例

以山西大同新生代玄武岩样品为例, 利用Quanta 200扫描电镜、GENESIS能谱仪对能谱仪PPA分析方法进行了实验研究, 该方法为粒度和物相自动分析方法.笔者首次把能谱仪PPA分析方法应用到地质学领域的岩石光薄片研究中, 快速得出了一系列不同物相的形态学数据及化学成分分析结果: 物相种类、每一种物相的颗粒数、每一个颗粒的平均直径、面积、周长、圆度、长宽比及化学成分等, 并得出了不同物相在该视域所占的面积百分比及每种物相颗粒的平均直径, 克服了传统光薄片粒度分析方法的所有缺点, 为矿物学、岩石学及矿床学研究提供了一套非常有意义的数据.      

山东栖霞石榴子石矿床特征及其成因探讨

栖霞石榴子石矿床位于华北板块胶辽隆起区南部栖霞马连庄断凸构造单元。该矿床属片岩型石榴子石矿床。含矿层位为古元古代荆山群禄格庄组安吉村片岩段。矿层一般长400～3450 m,平均1250 m。斜深15．3～306．0 m。厚度2．00～23．34 m,平均8．34 m,厚度变化系数50％左右。吕梁运动使荆山群发生了强烈的区域变质作用,变质程度达到高角闪岩相,生成了应力矿物石榴子石和矽线石,石榴子石富集成矿。     

南海中部西区新生代构造演化规律与盆地形成演化动力学机制探讨

本文以现代构造地质与地球动力学理论为指导,利用平衡剖面技术对南海中部西区进行了构造演化特征及演变史的恢复,制作了其上下构造层的构造纲要图,划分了南海中部西区新生代以来经历的三大构造演化阶段:(1)裂陷阶段;(2)坳陷阶段;(3)区域沉降。并指出了其动力学机制:始新世末,印度板块与欧亚板块发生碰撞产生的远距离效应以及渐新世西太平洋板块向东亚大陆边缘产生的俯冲效应是南海中部西区新生代构造演化的主要动力学机制。