安徽省夏玉米干旱天气指数保险产品设计及应用

利用安徽省夏玉米种植区15个农业气象观测站点1971—2010年的逐日降水资料并结合区域夏玉米抽雄-乳熟期(产量形成关键期)的降水距平与夏玉米干旱减产率进行分析,建立了干旱天气指数模型。提出夏玉米干旱的保险赔付标准,并利用各市(县)的干旱风险评估结果修订干旱天气指数保险费率,最终得到各地区的夏玉米干旱天气指数保险产品。将设计的保险产品在安徽省淮北市濉溪县试验应用,该产品可以基本反映实际夏玉米干旱风险状况,有助于农业保险公司客观、快捷地提供农业灾害的经济补偿。     

Simulated watershed scale impacts of corn stover removal for biofuel on hydrology and water quality

Ethanol from corn stover is expected to play an important role in achieving the Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 target of 136.25 billion liters (36 billion gallons) of biofuel by 2022. The 2010 USDA biofuel strategic report estimates that 16.3 billion liters (4.3 billion gallons) of biofuel from crop residues such as corn stover and straw is possible. Corn stover is expected to provide the majority of the estimated biofuel from crop residues, especially from the Midwestern US Corn Belt. A major concern related to removing corn stover is potential negative hydrologic and water quality impacts. The overall goal of this study was to estimate the watershed scale environmental impacts of corn stover removal in an agricultural watershed in the Midwest US. Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to simulate the impacts associated with three corn stover removal rates (38%, 52% and 70%). The stream flow, nitrate and mineral phosphorus loading were reduced, and sediment and organic nitrogen loading were increased at the watershed outlet with all three stover removal scenarios. The stream flow was reduced by 1.4%, 2.0% and 2.7% from the baseline scenario (no stover removed) at 38%, 52% and 70% stover removal rates, respectively. The sediment loading increased by 19.7%, 22.5% and 29.0%, organic nitrogen increased by 0.8%, 2.0% and 5.5%, mineral phosphorus decreased by 11.7%, 15.5% and 21.0%, and nitrate decreased by 2.0%, 3.2% and 5.3% from the baseline scenario at the watershed outlet with 38%, 52% and 70% stover removal rates, respectively. The model results also indicate that the watershed response to stover removal is sensitive to watershed characteristics and management inputs, such as, slope and amount of fertilizer applied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Autumn daily characteristics of land surface heat and water exchange over the Loess Plateau mesa in China

The Loess Plateau, located in northern China, has a significant impact on the climate and ecosystem evolvement over the East Asian continent. In this paper, the preliminary autumn daily characteristics of land surface energy and water exchange over the Chinese Loess Plateau mesa region are evaluated by using data collected during the Loess Plateau land-atmosphere interaction pilot experiment （LOPEX04）, which was conducted from 25 August to 12 September 2004 near Pingliang city, Gansu Province of China. The experiment was carried out in a region with a typical landscape of the Chinese Loess Plateau, known as ＂loess mesa＂. The experiment＇s field land utilizations were cornfield and fallow farmland, with the fallow field later used for rotating winter wheat. The autumn daily characteristics of heat and water exchange evidently differed between the mesa cornfield and fallow, and the imbalance term of the surface energy was large. This is discussed in terms of sampling errors in the flux observations-footprint; energy storage terms of soil and vegetation layers; contribution from air advections; and low and high frequency loss of turbulent fluxes and instruments bias. Comparison of energy components between the mesa cornfield and the lowland cornfield did not reveal any obvious difference. Inadequacies of the field observation equipment and experimental design emerged during the study, and some new research topics have emerged from this pilot experiment for future investigation.     

双矩阵算法的L波段多角度玉米微波辐射参数化模型

双矩阵MD(Matrix-Doubling)算法是辐射传输方程的一种数值解,考虑了植被层内的多次散射信号,具有较高的模拟精度。但受限于算法的复杂性,很难直接应用到地表参数的反演中。本文以玉米覆盖地表为研究对象,基于MD算法的模拟数据,发展了一种L波段多角度微波辐射参数化模型。基于模拟数据的对比结果表明,参数化模型具有与理论模型相当的精度,两者之间的发射率误差不超过0.004(V极化)和0.007(H极化)。同时,结合黑河流域的地面实测数据,利用本论文中发展的参数化模型模拟了纯玉米像元的辐射亮温。该模拟结果与相同像元尺度上机载L波段微波辐射计(PLMR)观测亮温之间的差异基本在10 K以内。     

沙地影响玉米产量形成因子的量化研究(I)

采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法,对沙地玉米的水肥因子进行了量化试验研究。结果表明,试验条件下沙地农田当土壤相对含水量保持在67.2%,施用尿素52.5 g·m^-2和施用磷肥36.7g·m^-2时,可以获得1.32 kg·m^-2的最高产量。影响玉米产量形成的敏感因子首先是氮肥施用量,其次是土壤相对含水量,而磷肥施用量对玉米增产效果不明显。玉米的产量(Y)与土壤相对含水量因子(X₁)、氮肥施用量因子(X₂)和磷肥施用量因子(X₃)的关系为:Y=5.16+0.151x₁+0.284x₂-0.182x₃+0.199x₁x₂+0.403x₁x₃-0.215x₂x₃-0.193x₁²-0.415x₂²-0.002x₃²。     

沙地春玉米叶片水势与土壤水肥关系的研究

通过鉴定二次回归旋转正交组合设计试验,获得沙地春玉米拔节期叶片水势(Y)与土壤相对含水量(X₁)和尿素施用量(X₂)之间的关系方程:Y=-1.35+0.06X₁-0.02X₂+0.05X₁X₂+0.05X₁²+0.09X₂²。玉米拔节期的叶片水势受土壤含水量的影响远大于受施肥量的影响;当土壤相对含水量为74%、尿素施用为59g·m^-2时,玉米拔节期的叶片水势最高。     

赤泥硅肥在玉米上试验研究

玉米约占全国粮食总产的２０％，施肥在玉米增产诸因素中能起到２５％～３０％的作用，通过试验，玉米施用硅肥后提高抗青枯病能力，施肥量为７５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２时，在玉米上的增产效果达到１４％～２３．４％，投入产出比为１：１０～２０。     

玉米生长“双S”动态模型

作者提出玉米在有节奏生长全过程中的“双S”动态模型。第一个“S”过程是从出苗到开花授粉阶段,这一过程主要是根、茎、叶以及花器的建成。第二个“S”过程是从开花授粉到籽粒成熟阶段,这一过程光合产物的积累主要用于籽粒的增重。作者认为:“双S”生长模型揭示了玉米生长的内在规律,有助于玉米栽培管理科学化。     

玉米、平菇、紫木耳立体种植技术研究

为提高玉米产量及充分利用玉米生长过程中的温、湿、光等自然资源，1996--1998在固始县进行了玉米、平菇、紫木耳套种试验，结果表明，玉米、平菇、紫木耳大田立体种植，可使三者间适宜生态因子互惠形成，单位面积积累生物量大幅增长，较传统种植方式经济效益提高10倍以上。     

水肥耦合对玉米田间土壤水分运移的影响

以干旱区绿洲农田玉米水肥耦合试验为基础。利用含有根系吸水项的一维土壤水动力学模型,模拟了不同水肥条件下玉米蒸散、根系吸水、土体贮水量变化以及田间土壤水量平衡。结果表明：在玉米生长初期以棵间蒸发为主,其后则是以植株蒸腾为主;玉米在30-40cm土层吸水速率达到最大值;玉米灌水量为田间持水量的70％与85％对土壤0～80cm土层贮水量的贡献是相等的,并且高肥力在一定程度上可增强根系的吸水能力,高灌水可增强玉米根系对养分的吸收利用,但对于提高水肥利用率来说,理想的处理为中肥中水。