Influence of the Mascarene High and Australian High on the Summer Monsoon in East Asia： Ensemble Simulation

By using a nine-level atmospheric general circulation model developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP 9L AGCM), two sets of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the influence of the Mascarene high (MH) and Australian high (AH) over the southern subtropics upon the East Asian summer monsoon circulation and summer precipitation in East Asia. The use of ensemble statistics is adopted to reduce the simulation errors. The result shows that with the intensification of MH, the Somali low-level jet is significantly enhanced together with the summer monsoon circulation in the tropical Asia and western Pacific region. Furthermore, the anticyclonic anomaly in the tropical western Pacific to the east of the Philippines may induce a weak East-Asia-Pacific teleconnection pattern. In the meantime,geopotential height in the Tropics is enhanced while it is reduced over most regions of mid-high latitudes,thus the northwestern Pacific subtropical high at 500 hPa extends southwestward, resulting in more rainfall in southern China and less rainfall in northern China. A similar anomaly pattern of the atmospheric circulation systems is found in the experiment of the intensification of AH. On the other hand, because the cross-equatorial currents associated with AH are much weaker than the Somali jet, the anomaly magnitude caused by the intensification of AH is generally weak, and the influence of AH on summer rainfall in China seems to be localized in southern China. Comparison between the two sets of experiments indicates that MH plays a crucial role in the interactions of general atmospheric circulation between the two hemispheres.     

Spatial and temporal changes of summer monsoon on the Loess Plateau of Central China during the last 130 ka inferred from Rb/Sr ratios

The present climate of the Loess Plateau is dominantly controlled by East Asian monsoon. The well-preserved loess-paleosol sequence on the Loess Plateau is commonly interpreted as a product of intensive interactions between the winter and summer paleomons…     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HEATING EFFECTS OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND THE WESTERN PACIFIC

A zonal domain primitive equation modeling system(ZDMS)is used to study the effects of theinitial heating anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau and the western Pacific on the East Asian and theChinese summer climate,the relative importance and the mechanisms are discussed.Results showthat in spite of the different locations of the heating anomalies the influences of the two anomalyareas are much similar to each other when the scaling of the two areas is the same.The two areasof heating anomalies have their own affecting domains in which one is more important than the oth-er.In the western Pacific the heating anomaly over the western Pacific is more evident and in theTibetan Plateau area the heating anomaly over the Tibetan Plateau is more obvious.For the eastpart of China the effects of the two heating anomalies both exist and almost have the equal impor-tance.The initial anomaly of the sea surface temperature(SST)over the western Pacific can bekept during the entire time integration while in the Tibetan Plateau it can not be maintained.     

青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲季风降水影响的数值试验

该文利用一个移植和改进的ＣＯＬＡＡＧＣＭ谱模式，进行了青藏高原春季积雪异常对亚洲夏季风环流和降水影响的数值试验。试验结果指出：高原地区３月份积雪增多，亚洲地区６，７月的夏季风环流明显减弱，降水减少。     

东亚夏季风的年际到年代际变化及其与全球大气环流和海表温度的联系

The East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) underwent an interdecadal variation with interannual variations during the period from 1958 to 1997, its index tended to decline from a higher stage in the mid-1960＇s until it reached a lower stage after 1980＇s. Correlation analysis reveals that EASM is closely related with the global atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature (SST). The differences between the weak and strong stage of EASM shows that, the summer monsoon circulation over East Asia and North Africa is sharply weakened, in the meantime, the westerlies in high latitudes and the trade--wind over the tropical ocean are also changed significantly. Over the most regions south of the northern subtropics, both air temperature in the lower troposphere and SST tended to rise compared with the strong stage of EASM. It is also revealed that the ocean-atmosphere interaction over the western Pacific and Indian Ocean plays a key role in interannual to interdecadal variation of EASM, most probably, the subtropical Indian Ocean is more important. On the other hand, the ENSO event is less related to EASM at least during the concerned period.     

江南夏季雷电的云回波特征分析

根据南昌713雷达取获的2000年6～7月雷暴回波，结合地面闪电及雷电灾害实况， 对夏季雷电的云回波特征、天气形势及大气稳定度进行初步分析。结果表明，强雷电回波的 产生离不开高温、高湿的大气环境。另外，强雷电与强降水、雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气 一样，均出自强烈发展的雷暴中，但它们在天气形势和雷达回波参数上又有所区别。     

中国东北地区夏季旱涝的分析研究

利用东北三省及内蒙东北部均匀分布的80个测站40年（1961-2000年）夏季（6-8月）月降水资料以及正态化Z指数变换、小波分析和正交旋转主成份分析等方法，对东北地区夏季降水进行了旱涝等级划分，并探讨了旱涝发生的时间演变规律和空间分布特征。结果表明，东北地区夏季不同级别旱涝出现的几率存在着一定的差异，并且旱涝异常还具有明显的年际、年代际和周期性变化以及阶段性和群发性持征，地理分布上，可将东北地区夏季降分为7个旱涝型（或敏感区），各敏感区内旱涝异常具有相对一致的性质。     

POTENTIAL VORTICITY STRUCTURE OF SUMMER CYCLONES OVER THE CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE VALLEY*

Based on the theory of Ertel potential vorticity,the isentropic potential vorticity maps and vertical profiles of potential vorticity for two summer cyclones over the Changjiang-Huaihe Valley are analysed.After discussing a possible mechanism for the genesis and development of such systems and their differences from typical extratropical cyclones,a conceptual model for their activities is proposed:A weak disturbance in the midlevel of troposphere originated from around the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau may cause heavy precipitation under favourable conditions and latent heat release in the mid-troposphere leads to downward extension of cyclonic circulation and a wave on the quasi-stationary front.This weak cyclone can develop substantially and become a typical extratropical cyclone only when air from the lower stratosphere flows downslope along isentropic surfaces into the region of interest.     

长江下游酷暑与冷夏的分析

长江下游的酷暑与冷夏是旱涝以外的另一种重要灾害性天气,本文以南京为代表,确定了长江下游酷暑年和冷夏年的三条标准。盛夏(7—8月)温度主要决定于7月平均温度T,并与副热带高压和中高纬度的冷空气活动以及印度季风低压—ITCZ有关。在酷暑年,印度低压更为频繁而强烈,位置略偏南;副热带高压较强,且直接控制江淮流域。100hPa青藏高压明显偏强,位置偏北偏东;青藏高原上常有500hPa暖中心东移。冷夏年三种成因:一是冷空气较强,梅雨明显而持久;二是ITCZ和热带系统强而活跃,盛夏频繁影响长江流域;三是以上两种天气系统的影响,形成混合型冷夏。     

INFLUENCE OF EL NINO ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE IN CHINA

El Nino as well as the Southern Oscillation is one of the strongest signals known so far over climatic noise ininterannual variations of the atmosphere and oceans.A great number of studies have shown definitely relationships be-tween the events and climatic anomalies in China.In this review,observational results obtained in the recent severalyears are first summarized.Then the possible physical mechanisms on the influence of El Nino are presented and,finally,the associated problems are discussed.