磁层顶日下点距离R0与磁暴Dst指数的相关性

利用2004—2006年ACE、WIND卫星观测的太阳风数据和相应时期反映磁暴大小的〖WTB1X〗D〖WTB1〗st指数,针对200个不同级别的磁暴事件,分析了磁层顶日下点距离〖WTB1X〗R0与磁暴D〖WTB1〗st指数的线性相关性。分析显示,在极端太阳风条件下,〖WTB1X〗D〖WTB1〗st指数时间序列比借助于Chao Model计算出的磁层顶日下点距离〖WTB1X〗R〖WTB1〗0的时间序列延迟了约3 h。经修正时间延迟后,对磁层顶日下点距离〖WTB1X〗R0与磁暴D〖WTB1〗st指数的线性相关性进行分析。结果表明:发生超级磁暴时,二者线性相关系数的均值为077;大磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为074;中等磁暴时,线性相关系数的均值为047。此外,用最小二乘数据拟合得到了不同级别磁暴时的〖WTB1X〗R0 D〖WTB1〗st关系图。     

Hydrodynamics and sediment-transport in the nearshore of Poverty Bay, New Zealand: Observations of nearshore sediment segregation and oceanic storms

Nearshore regions act as an interface between the terrestrial environment and deeper waters. As such, they play important roles in the dispersal of fluvial sediment and the transport of sand to and from the shoreline. This study focused on the nearshore of Poverty Bay, New Zealand, and the processes controlling the dispersal of sediment from the main source, the Waipaoa River. Hydrodynamics and sediment-transport in water shallower than 15 m were observed from April through mid-September 2006. This deployment afforded observations during 3-4 periods of elevated river discharge and 5 dry storms.Similar wind, river discharge, wave, current, and turbidity patterns were characterized during three of the wet storms. At the beginning of each event, winds blew shoreward, increasing wave heights to 2-3 m within Poverty Bay. As the cyclonic storms moved through the system the winds reversed direction and became seaward, reducing the local wave height and orbital velocity while river discharge remained elevated. At these times, high river discharge and relatively small waves enabled fluvially derived suspended sediment to deposit in shallow water. Altimetry measurements indicated that at least 7 cm was deposited at a 15 m deep site during a single discharge event. Turbidity and seabed observations showed this deposition to be removed, however, as large swell waves from the Southern Ocean triggered resuspension of the material within three weeks of deposition. Consequently, two periods of dispersal were associated with each discharge pulse, one coinciding with fluvial delivery, and a second driven by wave resuspension a few weeks later. These observations of nearfield sediment deposition contradict current hypotheses of very limited sediment deposition in shallow water offshore of small mountainous rivers when floods and high-energy, large wave and fast current, oceanic conditions coincide.Consistently shoreward near-bed currents, observed along the 10 m isobath of Poverty Bay, were attributed to a combination of estuarine circulation, Stokes drift, and wind driven upwelling. Velocities measured at the 15 m isobath, however, were directed more alongshore and diverged from those at the 10 m isobath. The divergence in the currents observed at the 10 and 15 m locations seemed to facilitate segregation of coarse and fine sediment, with sand transported near-bed toward the beach, while suspended silts and clays were exported to deeper water.     

On the dominance of pre-existing swells over wind seas along the west coast of India

Wave data collected off Goa along the west coast of India during February 1996-May 1997 has been subjected to spectral analysis, and swell and wind sea parameters have been estimated by separation frequency method. Dominance of swells and wind seas on monthly and seasonal basis has been estimated, and the analysis shows that swells dominate Goa coastal region not only during southwest monsoon (93%), but also during the post-monsoon (67%) season. Wind seas are dominant during the pre-monsoon season (51%). The mean wave periods (T_m) during southwest monsoon are generally above 5 s, whereas T_m is below 5 s during other seasons. Co-existence of multiple peaks (from NW and NE) was observed in the locally generated part of the wave spectrum, especially during the post-monsoon season. NCEP reanalysis winds have been used to analyse active fetch available in the Indian Ocean, from where the predominant swells propagate to the west coast of India. A numerical model was set up to simulate waves in the Indian Ocean using flexible mesh bathymetry. The correlation coefficients between measured and modelled significant wave heights and mean wave periods are 0.96 and 0.85, respectively. Numerical simulations reproduced the swell characteristics in the Indian Ocean, and from the model results potential swell generation areas are identified. The characteristics of swells associated with tropical storms that prevail off Goa during 1996 have also been analysed.     

不同量级磁暴对新沂地震台地电阻率的影响

探讨强烈磁暴对新沂地震台地电阻率测最的影响.根据磁暴效应,得出对地电阻率的影响,从而进行不同量级磁暴对江苏省新沂地震台地电阻率的影响分析.同时分析各测向产生的差异性及原因.由于新沂地震台地电阻率测量采用正反向双向供电,磁暴对地电阻率的影响量很小,其形态仍存在同步变化.如果采取减少每次测量的供电时间、供电次数,加大供电电...     

Is most hummocky cross‐stratification formed by large‐scale ripples?

Although normal isotropic hummocky cross‐stratification is commonly interpreted to be the deposit of large‐scale ripples, there are many reasons why this may not usually be the case. These reasons include: (i) that the stratification produced by large‐scale ripples does not particularly look like isotropic hummocky cross‐stratification; (ii) that it is difficult reconciling the abundance of HCS with the restricted hydraulic stability of large‐scale ripples in silt to fine sand (i.e. the grain sizes in which hummocky cross‐stratification is usually found); (iii) that the distribution of hummocky cross‐stratification within ancient storm beds is not the distribution that would be expected from large‐scale ripples; (iv) that the flows calculated to have formed ancient examples of hummocky cross‐stratification would be expected to generate an upper stage plane bed rather than ripples; and (v) that it is difficult to explain why large‐scale ripples would predominate in the proximal parts of storm beds when modern storm flows commonly exceed the threshold for entrainment. In contrast to the various hypotheses which propose that isotropic hummocky cross‐stratification is generated by ripples, an alternative hypothesis which suggests that it is generated by instabilities, does seem to adequately explain the origin of hummocky cross‐stratification. However, it is difficult to accept this hypothesis given that the origin of the proposed instabilities is unproven. These conclusions highlight the continued uncertainty regarding the process, which generates hummocky cross‐stratification.     

西藏高原强对流天气及短临预报研究进展

高原地区的强对流天气突发性强、易多发、强度大、影响重、预报难,但针对高原地区强对流天气及其短临预报系统的总结还较少。由于高原特殊的地理环境及显著的热力作用和动力作用的影响,高原强对流天气具有不同于东部平原地区的独特特征,其研究进展概括具有重要指导意义。概括了青藏高原地区尤其是西藏地区强对流天气研究的进展,包括高原地区强对流天气气候特征,高原强对流天气的环流背景及影响系统,强对流天气的预报技术、相关短临预报系统等,为进一步的研究工作和短临预报系统建设提供研究背景。     

海滩近岸带中尺度地形动力过程研究进展

海滩近岸带中尺度地形动力过程是海岸海洋科学研究的重要研究内容之一.近20年来该领域发展较快,取得了一些重要的成果.对近岸带中尺度地形动力过程的碎波带地形与沙坝、冲流带地形与滩角、海滩风暴响应、观测技术手段等主要领域的进展进行了总结和评述,并对我国海滩研究提出要从加强观测手段和制定长期观测计划两方面来加强的建议.     

华南前汛期强降水个例模式降水预报误差成因初探

2015年5月19—20日,华南出现一次暴雨过程。检验表明欧洲中期天气预报中心全球确定性预报模式(以下简称EC模式)预报的20日强降水落区在广东境内较实况明显偏北,高估了天气尺度系统附近的降水强度,漏报了其南侧暖区内中尺度对流系统(mesoscale convective system,MCS)造成的降水,华东中尺度模式预报明显优于EC模式。利用高分辨率中尺度天气研究预报模式(以下简称WRF模式)对该暴雨过程进行了模拟,对比EC模式降水物理过程,初步探索了EC模式降水预报误差的成因,结果表明:20日位于广东暖区内的对流组织发展成MCS,并造成明显的低层冷池出流和中高层潜热加热,二者共同作用使得中低层气旋式环流在广东中东部发展,配合其南侧的强西南风水汽输送,在气旋式切变附近不断触发新的对流并南移使得广东中南部暖区内出现强降水,WRF模式能较好地模拟出该过程,而EC模式未能预报出暖区对流及其反馈,从而导致其漏报了广东中南部的强降水;EC模式预报的降水与天气尺度环流之间的正反馈进一步加大了降水的预报偏差。EC模式预报的20日白天的强降水主要位于华南北部切变线附近,且以层状云降水为主,降水产生的潜热使得对流层低层切变线附近减压更明显,预报的切变线辐合较分析场明显偏强,使得其预报的切变线附近降水较实况偏强。     

台风“玲玲”对黑龙江暴雨影响分析

选取2019年9月7-8日NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)再分析资料,分析了降水实况、卫星云图、环流形势、物理量场。结果表明:此次暴雨过程主要受台风登陆后减弱的热带风暴影响,副热带高压的维持为水汽的输送与台风的北进起到了促进作用,台风外围水汽成为此次降水的主要水汽来源,高低空急流耦合加强了动力条件,暴雨落区与高空急流的右侧、低空急流的左侧、垂直运动强上升区及水汽通量散度辐合区有较高的吻合度。