大尺度形势对中尺度对流风暴影响的研究

通过对多次强对流过程的分析,归纳出大尺度天气形势对中尺度对流风暴发生发展影响的4个方面,提出了天气形势分型的基本原则,并介绍了北京、华东和闽南地区不同天气形势下强对流活动的特点。     

台风外围暴雨成因及其增幅的一种动力学机理

通过对9216号台风外围暴雨的诊断分析，发现暴雨是由低层低压气旋流场系统、与高层高压反气刻流场系统以及深厚的饱和湿度层所组成的一种高层抽吸作用所形成。暴雨的增幅原因，是通过台风和东风波系统与风带的低涡低槽系统合并加深后，导致暴雨区上空暖平流因子增强和高层抽吸作用增强所开。最后对预报和研究这类暴雨提出了几点看法。     

8807号台风局地特大暴雨过程中尺度分析

分析了８８０７号台风所引发的局地特大暴雨成因：（１）台风提供了足够的水汽；（２）台风螺旋状云雨区和太阳辐射不均匀，形成了低层中尺度锋区，为暴雨发生提供极不稳定能量和触发条件；（３）局地地形和摩擦因子使湖北省宜昌地区成为这次对流云发展较有利的地点；（４）高空的中尺度降压系统和涡度因子加强了对流云团的发展。     

A CASE OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX EVOLVING INTO A VORTEX

A case of mesoscale convective complex(MCC)which evolved into a vortex is documented in this paper.As theMCC entered into the dissipating phase,a well-defined spirally banded structure became visible in the satellite image.The blackbody temperature(TBB)of the residual cold-cloud-shield indicates the vortex existed in the layer from 400 to250 hPa.According to the upper air analysis,the upper level vortex was an anticyclone.The MCC-generated vortex wasvisualized in the satellite images because it was located in the subtropical high where the wind field was very weak.     

1989年7月川东大暴雨中尺度对流系统分析

使用气象卫星资料，分析了１９８９年７月发生在四川东部的４个中尺度对流系统的特征，第一个系统是由３个对流云团合并而成，生成后快速向前移动，第二个为向后传播。第三个系统生成后，系统的西南部不断生成新的对流单体，使之维持准静止状态，最后一个系统的初期呈胞状结构，后与冷锋结合，成为冷锋云系的一部分，这４个系统都是西南低涡暖切变形势下的产物，随着形势演变，其大尺度环境略有差异。     

东北地区中尺度对流复合体的卫星云图特征

通过１０年（１９８３－１９９２年）卫星云图资料的分析，综合归纳了东北地区中尺度对流复合体（ＮＭＣＣ）的基本特征及其发展演变过程，由于受地理条件的影响，ＮＭＣＣ与美国大平原以及我国西北和华北平原上的ＭＣＣ有明显差别，作为一类特殊的对流性天气系统，ＮＭＣＣ与一般中尺度对流云图特征有明显差异。     

A CASE OF MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEX EVOLVING INTO A VORTEX*

A case of mesoscale convective complex(MCC) which evolved into a vortex is documented in this paper.As the MCC entered into the dissipating phase,a well-defined spirally banded structure became visible in the satellite image.The blackbody temperature(TBB) of the residual cold-cloud-shield indicates the vortex existed in the layer from 400 to 250 hPa.According to the upper air analysis,the upper level vortex was an anticyclone.The MCC-generated vortex was visualized in the satellite images because it was located in the subtropical high where the wind field was very weak.     

A three‐component end‐member analysis of streamwater hydrochemistry in a small Japanese forested headwater catchment

Intensive water sampling in conjunction with hydrological observations was conducted during three different rainstorms in order to understand the effects of rainfall events on the temporal variation of streamwater chemistry in a small headwater forest catchment. Concentrations of Na⁺ and SO₄^2? decreased as the discharge rate increased. Hydrograph separation of the components was made using the three‐component model based on the end‐members mixing analysis (EMMA). The three end‐members were:

• 1 the groundwater in the saturated zone that prescribes the chemistry of the baseflow;
• 2 the throughfall that dilutes the streamwater;
• 3 the groundwater in the transient saturated zone prescribed, which was dependent on the groundwater level.

When the groundwater level was lower, only the two components, groundwater in the saturated zone and throughfall, affected the streamwater chemistry. When the groundwater level rose and the saturated zone spread, the groundwater in the transient saturated zone became the third component. When the groundwater in the transient saturated zone contributed to the discharge, this component became the dominant source and the streamwater chemistry was affected by the groundwater chemistry in the transient saturated zone. When this component was discharged as the saturation overland flow, the streamwater chemistry was greatly affected by this component. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低纬高原冰雹与暴雨对比分析

通过对低纬高原地区多个冰雹和暴雨个例的多方面的对比分析,发现冰雹和暴雨的发生在大气环境背景、大气层结、大气不稳定性及云图特征上既有一些相似之处,也存在一些明显的区别.研究发现,发生冰雹时,中纬度低槽较偏南,受北方天气系统影响明显;发生暴雨时,受热带系统影响明显,中纬度低槽稍偏北.在冰雹发生前,大气中层较干、低层较湿,但层结仍为较稳定的状态;在暴雨发生前,大气中、低层均较湿,层结为弱稳定状态.冰雹的发生要求下层大气气温相对较低,以使雹粒在溶化之前可到达地面,而暴雨的发生要求大气富含水汽.冰雹以冬春多见,夏季较少;暴雨以夏季较多,而冬春较少.与此对应,产生暴雨的强对流其对流强度要强于产生冰雹的,但对于同一季节发生的冰雹和暴雨,两者的对流强度是相近的.