四川龙泉山断裂带变形特征及其活动性初步研究

文中通过野外调查和地震反射剖面研究,获取了龙泉山断裂带的变形特征。龙泉山断裂带主逆冲断层位于龙泉山背斜的西翼,具有明显的分段性特征,北段与南段断层面倾向NW,断续分布;中段断层面倾向SE,形成典型的断层传播褶皱,并且断层已经沿背斜前翼膝折带的轴突破,形成贯通的突破断层。因此,中段构成了龙泉山断裂的主体。地貌对断裂活动性的响应表明龙泉山断裂早更新世—晚更新世有过一定的活动,晚更新世以来活动速率较低,且活动性具有从南向北逐渐减弱的趋势     

汶川8.0级地震序列及相关问题讨论

汶川8.0级地震序列具有明显的分段特性,较强余震分布于茂县、绵竹以南及平武以北。主破裂过程在中南段以逆冲为主,序列逐渐衰减,呈主余型的序列衰减特征;北段是汶川地震破裂过程的终止区域,主破裂过程在该区域以走滑为主,形成多震型的序列特征,也成为汶川序列较大余震的主体活动区域。序列较强余震活动明显受引潮力调制,大多数较强余震发生在固体潮大、小潮时段,并且16时前后是较强余震的优势发震时段。序列衰减系数p值随时间增加而逐渐增大,最终基本稳定在1附近变化。结合以往的研究,对序列类型及最大强余震震级、强余震活动持续时间等进行了初步讨论。初步的统计结果还显示,8级左右强震序列中主震与最大余震之间的震级差正比于主震破裂尺度,这意味着当震级大体接近时,较大的破裂尺度与较为充分的能量释放相对应     

火山岩地区断层活动时代鉴定中的问题及其讨论

通过野外地质、地貌调查,对新生代玄武岩普遍发育的吉林省靖宇县龙岗火山群地区的断层活动性进行了研究,结合断层物质ESR测年分析结果以及本地区第四纪火山活动的特点,发现ESR测年数据与野外实际观察到的地质现象比较相对偏新。文中讨论了产生这一现象的两个可能原因:1)研究地区大规模的第四纪岩浆喷发活动作为一种重要的热事件,对于先存的断层物质中的ESR测年信号具有"退火"和零化作用;2)化学风化作用、地下水的淋滤作用、次生物质的混入和富硅热液作用而导致的次生石英颗粒的增长,都可能会导致断层带物质ESR测年剂量的增加,从而引起测年结果偏新。因此,研究区ESR测年结果反映出的并非是断层最后一次的活动年代,而可能是断层活动的上限年龄。尽管与实际的断层活动年龄有较大的差距,但对于大型工程场地的地震安全性评价,尤其是对于能动断层的鉴定,这种"上限年龄"仍然具有十分重要的应用价值     

Precursory seismicity of the 1994 eruption of Popocatépetl Volcano,Central Mexico

Popocatépetl Volcano is located in the central Mexican Volcanic Belt, within a densely populated region inhabited by over 20 million people. The eruptive history of this volcano indicates that it is capable of producing a wide range of eruptions, including Plinian events. After nearly 70 years of quiescence, Popocatépetl reawakened in December 21, 1994. The eruptive activity has continued up until the date of this submission and has been characterized by a succession of lava dome growth-and-destruction episodes, similar to events that have apparently been typical for Popocatépetl since the fourteenth century. In this regime, the episodes of effusive and moderately explosive activity alternate with long periods of almost total quiescence. In this paper we analyze five years of volcano-tectonic seismicity preceding the initial eruption of the current episode. The evolution of the V-T seismicity shows four distinct stages, which we interpret in terms of the internal processes which precede an eruption after a long period of quiescence. The thermal effects of a magma intrusion at depth, the fracturing related to the slow development of magma-related fluid pathways, the concentration of stress causing a protracted acceleration of this process, and a final relaxation or redistribution of the stress shortly before the initial eruption are reflected in the rates of V-T seismic energy release. A hindsight analysis of this activity shows that the acceleration of the seismicity in the third stage asymptotically forecast the time of the eruption. The total seismic energy release needed to produce an eruption after a long period of quiescence is related to the volume of rock that must be fractured so imposing a characteristic threshold limit for polygenetic volcanoes, limit that was reached by Popocatépetl before the eruption.     

Coeval strombolian and vulcanian-type explosive eruptions at Panarea (Aeolian Islands,Southern Italy)

In this paper, we document the evolution of the emergent Panarea dome in the Aeolian islands (Southern Italy), placing particular emphasis on the reconstruction of the explosive events that occurred during the final stage of its evolution. Two main pyroclastic successions exposing fall deposits with different compositions have been studied into detail: the andesitic Palisi succession and the basaltic Punta Falcone succession. The close-in-time deposition of the two successions, the dispersal area and grain-size distribution of the deposits account for their attribution to vents located in the western sector of the present island and erupting almost contemporaneously. Vents could have been aligned along NNE-trending regional fracture systems controlling the western flank of the dome and possibly its collapse. Laboratory analyses have been devoted to the characterization of the products of the two successions that have been ascribed to vulcanian- and to strombolian-type eruptions respectively. The vulcanian eruption started with a vent-clearing phase that occurred by sudden decompression of a pressurized magma producing ballistic bombs and a surge blast and the development of a vulcanian plume. Vulcanian activity was almost contemporaneous to strombolian-type fall-out eruptions. The coeval occurrence of basaltic and andesitic eruptions from close vents and the presence of magmatic basaltic enclaves in the final dacitic lava lobe of the dome allow us to speculate that the intrusion of a basaltic dyke played a major role in triggering explosive eruptions. The final explosive episodes may have been caused by extensional tectonics fracturing the roof of a zoned shallow magma chamber or by the intrusion of a new basaltic magma into a more acidic and shallow reservoir. Intrusion most likely occurred through the injection of dykes along the western cliff of the present Panarea Island inducing the collapse of the western sector of the dome.     

涠洲岛火山活动空降碎屑的数值模拟

本文应用美国国家气象局提供的1958—1997年全球大气精确的轨道参数和涠洲岛地区风速和风向等数据资料,模拟了火山喷发时空降碎屑的分布情况。结果表明,涠洲岛地区火山喷发形成的空降碎屑分布与喷发时的风速与风向有关,NNW方向的风可使空降碎屑影响到海南省北部地区,SSW方向风可使空降碎屑影响广西东南部和广东西南部的广大地区,1月和7月份喷发时主要影响涠洲岛及周边海域。     

The Polar Cap (PC) indices: Relations to solar wind parameters and global magnetic activity

The polar geomagnetic activity resulting from solar wind–magnetosphere interactions can be characterized the Polar Cap (PC) indices, PCN and PCS. PC index values are derived from polar magnetic variations calibrated on a statistical basis such that the index approximate values in units of mV/m of the interplanetary “geo-effective” (or “merging”) electric field (E_M) conveyed by the solar wind. The timing and amplitude relations of the PC index to solar wind plasma and magnetic field parameters are reported. The solar wind effects are parameterized in terms of the geo-effective electric field (E_M) and the dynamical pressure (P_DYN). The PC index has a delayed and damped response to E_M variations and display saturation-like effects for E_M values exceeding 10 mV/m. Steady or slowly varying levels of solar wind dynamical pressure have little or no impact on the PC index above the effects related to E_M for which the solar wind velocity is also a factor. Sharp increases in the dynamical pressure generate impulsive variations in the PC index comprising a initial negative impulse of 5–10 min duration followed by a positive impulse lasting 10–20 min. Typical amplitudes of both the negative and the positive impulses are 0.2–0.5 units. A sharp decrease in the pressure produces the inverse sequence of pulses in the PC index. Auroral substorm activity represented by the AL index level has a marked influence on the average PC/E_M level at the transition from very quiet (AL0 nT) to disturbed conditions while more or less disturbed conditions (AL<−100 nT) have no systematic effect on the average PC/E_M values. At distinct substorm events the PC/E_M ratio has a minimum (0.8) in the pre-onset phase at around 20 min before substorm onset. The average ratio gradually increases in the expansion phase to reach a maximum value (1.1) at around 40 min after substorm onset (or 20 min after the largest (negative) peak in AL). At substorm recovery during the next 2 h the PC/E_M ratio decreases. Finally, we report on the application of polar magnetic variations to model the disturbance storm time (Dst) index development during magnetic storms by using the PC index as a source function to quantify the energy input to the ring current representing accumulated storm energy and characterized by the Dst index.     

地形环境对海底热液硫化物矿体内部流体循环的影响

在三层结构热液硫化物矿体模型的基础上, 分别构建了具有不同地形环境的海底热液硫化物矿体模型, 利用数值模拟方法, 模拟了具有倾斜海底面和起伏地形特征的硫化物矿体模型内部温度场和流场分布, 并据此探讨了地形环境在大型海底热液硫化物矿体形成过程中的控制作用.模拟结果表明: (1) 倾斜的洋壳层顶面对于矿体内温度场和流场分布的影响程度有限; (2) 矿体地形起伏是控制矿体内流体运移和热场分布的重要因素; (3) 在热液流体喷出区附近硫化物的堆积速度较快, 易于形成矿体的高地形区; 但随着地形的不断升高, 矿体内部的温度场和流场的分布模式会逐渐发生改变, 导致该区域热液喷口逐渐消亡或者改道.      

半干旱区植被风沙动力过程耦合研究:Ⅰ.模型

从植被生长和风沙活动之间的相互作用机制出发,建立了植被-风沙动力耦合模型。模型包括生物量动力学方程和风蚀量动力学方程。生物量动力学方程主要考虑了植被生产潜力在植被覆盖地表和非植被覆盖地表上的转化、生物量自身消耗以及风蚀量对生物量的影响;风蚀量动力学方程主要考虑风蚀潜力在流沙地表和非流沙地表上的转化以及生物量对风蚀量的影响。根据我国北方半干旱地区相关研究成果对模型中的参数取值进行了探讨,以便进行模拟和应用研究。     

河南濮卫环洼带断裂特征及其在油气运聚中的作用

濮卫环洼带地质构造复杂, 洼陷带的勘探程度还较低。在系统分析断裂特征及其活动性基础上, 探讨了断层在油气运聚中的作用。研究表明, 卫东-文东断裂系和濮城-陈营断裂系各自分别由5条主控断层构成, 控制着该区的构造格局和油气运聚。卫东、文东、濮城南、濮31等断层活动时间长, 与成藏时间匹配较好, 是油气从深层向浅层运移的重要通道。断层和连通砂体构成了断层型、断-砂组合型油气输导体系。断层型输导体系沟通了烃源岩和储集层, 增强了油气垂向运移能力, 断-砂组合型油气输导体系以侧向输导为主, 断层主要起阻挡油气或调节油气运移层系和方向的作用, 导致在主断层附近形成构造-地层油气藏, 远离主断层的边部形成岩性油气藏。