北京市小麦籽粒的重金属含量及其健康风险分析

为评价北京市小麦重金属含量及其健康风险,采集北京市现有小麦种植区土壤和小麦籽粒对应样品68份,分析其重金属含量,并估算消费导致重金属摄入量。结果表明:北京市麦地土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为7.46、0.165、37.8、20.3、24.2、14.3和70.1mg/kg,处于比较清洁水平。这说明小麦种植这种土地利用方式并不会导致土壤重金属升高。小麦籽粒中重金属含量,除Cr与食品卫生标准限值没有显著性差异外,其他元素均显著低于相应标准限值。普通人群通过小麦制品消费,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的摄入量分别为0.005、0.004、0.136、0.994、0.041、0.024、4.75mg/人 · d。北京小麦种植的主要4个区中,顺义产小麦的Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb导致的重金属摄入量高于其他3个区,房山产小麦导致的重金属摄入量最低。对于普通人群而言,通过小麦和蔬菜摄入重金属没有明显风险。     

珠江口西部海域表层沉积物重金属元素多尺度空间变化特征

笔者应用因子克里格分析方法,研究了珠江口西部海域388个表层沉积物中7种重金属元素Cd, Ni,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr和As的空间结构特征,识别并分离了重金属元素不同尺度的空间主成分及其分布特征,探讨了不同空间尺度重金属的物源及控制因素。结果显示,研究区7种重金属元素在空间上存在块金尺度、局部尺度(变程为60 km的球状结构)和区域尺度(变程为160 km的球状结构)3种尺度的空间变化。以迭代算法模拟了研究区重金属元素线性协同区域化模型。根据不同尺度上区域化因子的主成分得分分布特征可知:局部尺度上,F₁因子(Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu)和F₂因子(As)的高值区表现为"牛眼"状局部特征,并分布在陆地沿海的河口或者港湾区,指示了可能受人为污染成分影响的重金属区域。其中,雷州半岛东部沿海是最可能的重金属污染区,其空间分布主要受控于局部的地形、海流等因素。F₂因子不同于F₁的空间分布,主要在于As不同于Zn,Cr,Ni,Cu等的地球化学行为。区域尺度上,F₁(Zn,Cr,Ni)和F₂(As)因子主要反映了不同陆源母岩物质的影响。Zn,Cr,Ni等主要源于华南大陆陆源母岩物质,而As主要受到海南岛陆源母岩物质的控制。F₁和F₂因子得分高值区整体上表现为NNE向自陆地向较深海域延伸的"片状"分布特征,推测其主要受到海平面变化及NNE向区域性海洋环流的控制。     

Optimal design of rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment,Australia

Rainfall data are a fundamental input for effective planning, designing and operating of water resources projects. A well‐designed rain gauge network is capable of providing accurate estimates of necessary areal average and/or point rainfall estimates at any desired ungauged location in a catchment. Increasing network density with additional rain gauge stations has been the main underlying criterion in the past to reduce error and uncertainty in rainfall estimates. However, installing and operation of additional stations in a network involves large cost and manpower. Hence, the objective of this study is to design an optimal rain gauge network in the Middle Yarra River catchment in Victoria, Australia. The optimal positioning of additional stations as well as optimally relocating of existing redundant stations using the kriging‐based geostatistical approach was undertaken in this study. Reduction of kriging error was considered as an indicator for optimal spatial positioning of the stations. Daily rainfall records of 1997 (an El Niño year) and 2010 (a La Niña year) were used for the analysis. Ordinary kriging was applied for rainfall data interpolation to estimate the kriging error for the network. The results indicate that significant reduction in the kriging error can be achieved by the optimal spatial positioning of the additional as well as redundant stations. Thus, the obtained optimal rain gauge network is expected to be appropriate for providing high quality rainfall estimates over the catchment. The concept proposed in this study for optimal rain gauge network design through combined use of additional and redundant stations together is equally applicable to any other catchment. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Exploring for heavy minerals on Cape York Peninsula,Queensland, Australia

This paper describes the results of a preliminary study of the heavy mineral (HM) potential of the northwest coast of Cape York Peninsula in far north Queensland that was funded by the Queensland Government's Future Resources Program Industry Priorities Initiative. The study found that the northwest coast may have the potential to host world-class HM deposits. All the essential ingredients in a HM mineral system are present: fertile source rocks, effective transport mechanisms and abundant potential trap sites, particularly along the well-preserved Pleistocene coast.

The source rocks are Proterozoic metamorphic and Paleozoic granitic rocks of the Coen Inlier and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks of the Laura and Carpentaria basins, all of which crop out along the spine of the Peninsula. These rocks were exposed in the early Cenozoic and were vigorously eroded by seasonally active rivers throughout the Quaternary. Most of these rivers are currently carrying HM, and the zircon content in river sediments in the region is comparatively high. It is speculated that in the late Pleistocene HM delivered by rivers to the northwest coast were transported predominantly in a southwesterly direction, and trapped in the swash zone of prograding beaches. It is further speculated that at this time the coastline was deeply embayed with cliffs and headlands formed in bauxite, and that structural trap sites formed on the northeastern side of prominent headlands.

Pleistocene coastal sediments were partially reworked by Holocene coastal processes, and HM liberated by these processes may have been captured by prograding Holocene beach ridges. These Holocene beach ridges are not as extensive as the Pleistocene beach ridges but are more prominent, partly because they are less well vegetated. The Holocene coastline was probably more regular than the Pleistocene coastline, with fewer headlands to create structural traps. The modern coastline is relatively starved of river sediment because the Holocene and Pleistocene coastal sediments act as barriers to river flow.

It is recommended that ongoing exploration for HM in the region should focus on potential trap sites on the Pleistocene coast and that two sites, Vrilya Point and Jackson River, where structural traps may have been formed by coastal promontories, should be priority targets. It is also noted that if the exploration of Cape York Peninsula for HM deposits is to be effective, further research needs to be carried out into the geomorphological evolution of the west coast and, in particular, the role of cyclones in forming HM deposits in tropical climates.     

岩溶铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染特征

以DX、DW铅锌矿区土壤为研究对象,利用原子吸收光谱法（AA800）、原子荧光光谱法（AF-640）测定土壤中铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍、汞和砷等重金属的含量,利用单因子污染指数法、N.L.Nemerow综合污染指数法对比分析土壤中重金属的污染特征,采用PCC统计学方法分析矿区土壤中重金属之间的相关性。结果表明:两矿区土壤中除Cu、Cr外,其余重金属均已对土壤造成单一或复合污染,其中Cd污染最为严重,对综合污染贡献最大。DX、DW矿区土壤重金属的Nemerow指数分别为27.61、63.54,均达到极强污染水平,且DW矿区污染较为严重。DX矿区,除Ni外,Pb、Cr等7种重金属元素之间存相关性;DW矿区,除Cr外,Pb、Ni等7种重金属元素之间存相关性,这可能与二矿区均属多金属伴生、共生矿床有关;土壤中各重金属总含量与pH值没有显著的相关性。研究结果将为合理制定矿区土壤污染的修复和治理措施提供依据。      

岩溶区矿山污染地下水的水生植物修复初步研究

选取黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata Royle)和水绵(Spirogyra communis,Hassall)作为研究对象,分析其对某铅锌矿尾矿库重金属废水的富集能力,综述重金属在黑藻和水绵体内的富集机制,探讨了利用黑藻和水绵进行岩溶矿山重金属污染水修复的应用前景。结果表明:黑藻和水绵体内的重金属绝对含量较高,并且植株长势良好,生物量大,说明这两种水生植物对重金属有避性或耐性。分析测试发现,在黑藻和水绵体内,重金属的富集系数较高,其中Pb最大,其后依次是As>Co>Mn>Cu>Cd>Zn>Ni>Cr,富集系数最少的是Hg,水绵体内的富集系数要大于黑藻。对比研究发现,这两类藻类体内的重金属含量和富集系数均高于非岩溶区。黑藻对重金属的富集机制主要有3种,即重金属作用下抗氧化酶活性增强、被动吸收和离子交换作用,而水绵特殊的分子生物结构可能是其吸附重金属的重要机制。黑藻和水绵在南方岩溶区广泛分布,利用黑藻和水绵修复重金属污染的岩溶水具有较好前景。      

一次雨夹雪转暴雪天气过程的微物理模拟研究

利用非静力平衡中尺度数值模式MM5,在四重嵌套网格区域内采用Reisner霰方案,对2009年2月12—13日辽宁雨夹雪转暴雪天气过程进行数值模拟,并对云内微物理过程特别是对雨水、雪和霰的源项进行分析。结果表明：雨水与雪碰并和雨水与云水碰并是产生雨水的主要微物理过程,并且雨水的增长主要分布在700hPa以下。300hPa—200hPa之间雪的凝华增长、冰晶向雪的自动转化和900hPa以下雨水与雪碰并成雪是雪增长主要的物理过程。冰晶向雪的自动转化对降雪的增长和长时间维持起到了重要作用。列出了此次天气过程降水云系的三层云结构及微物理过程模型。     

1951—2009年丹东地区暴雨变化

利用丹东地区1951—2009年4个测站逐日降水资料,对丹东地区暴雨变化进行了分析。结果表明：丹东地区年暴雨日数和暴雨量呈减少趋势,汛期洪涝贡献率趋势变化不明显;2001—2009年6月份暴雨日数明显增多,7月份暴雨日数偏少,暴雨初期和终期提前。     

辽宁农村代表区域降水离子组成及与气态污染物相关性

对辽宁农村代表区域站点辽中县马龙村观测站2007年2月至2008年1月酸雨、气态污染物浓度观测资料进行了分析。结果表明：辽中观测站降水的化学组成阴离子主要为SO₄^2-和NO₃^-,阳离子主要是NH^₄+和Ca₂⁺, SO^₄2-/ NO₃^-比值为2.9, Na⁺/Cl^-比值较大,大于1。各种离子浓度冬春季高,夏秋季较低,表明研究区域降水酸化与污染关系不显著。实测的9种主要阴离子、阳离子总浓度比（∑阴离子/∑阳离子）与降水pH值相关性不高,表明目前酸雨研究观测的主要9种阴阳离子不能完全包括降水中的离子组成。降水酸性与近地面污染气体浓度相关各异,pH与NO_x、CO、NO₂和O₃浓度有比较明显的负相关,与SO₂浓度负相关不明显;降水pH值与颗粒物等碱性污染物浓度正相关明显。降水中主要致酸离子SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的浓度与相应酸性气体污染物SO2和NOx近地面浓度的相关不明显。     

柴达木盆地三湖坳陷第四系重矿物物源分析

岩性圈闭作为三湖坳陷下一步勘探的主要对象,明确物源区及各源区对坳陷内部的影响范围是首要任务。依照 重矿物“相关性分析定母岩类型、因子分析定物源主次、Q聚类分析定影响范围、稳定系数分析定物源方向”的研究思路,综合分析研究区内所有重矿物数据的数理统计特征,发现工区母岩类型主要为变质岩、中基性喷出岩和少量沉积岩,分别对应南部昆仑山主要物源、东北埃姆尼克山次要物源和北部祁连山弱物源。南部物源主要控制南斜坡区沉积,但其中西南昆仑山-那北分支物源影响范围可达北斜坡台南-涩北气田一带;东北物源对坳陷内部影响范围局限在盐湖、哑叭尔及察尔汗一带;北部物源对区内沉积起微弱作用。