上海短历时强降水的雷达和闪电活动特征

用雷达反射率及其导出产品(分层垂直液态水含量(VIL)、分层平均反射率等)与闪电和大气温度层结资料,通过对降水系统时间演变、反射率垂直结构和闪电活动的分析,将上海2010年6—11月的短时强降水(1 h雨量≥20 mm)分为层状暖云型、对流暖云主导型和对流冷云主导型。(1) 与雨强密切相关的关键因子是:低层(0 ℃层以下、高度在0～1 km、0～2 km、0～3 km和0～4 km)的VIL、低层(高度在1～2 km、2～3 km和3～4 km)的平均反射率和整层最大反射率;(2) 不同类型强降水中,高层(高度在0 ℃、-10 ℃和-20 ℃层以上)的VIL、整层VIL、高层(高度在5～6 km、6～7 km和7～8 km)的平均反射率、总地闪和负地闪频次这5个因子对雨强的作用各有不同;(3) 对应不同降水类型的平均反射率垂直廓线具有不同的垂直结构和发展演变特征;(4) 在三类强降水中,对流冷云主导型的雨强与总地闪和正地闪的相关性最好。      

风廓线雷达资料在一次强降水天气过程中的分析应用

针对风廓线雷达资料分辨率高但目前业务应用不广泛的问题,通过对2006年6月29日一次因飑线天气引发的强降水的观测,分析水平风场、垂直气流和大气虚温的变化,以及高低空急流出现的时机并结合地面观测实况,探讨风廓线雷达资料在此类天气过程中的应用.结果表明,水平风场可以清晰地显示高空急流和低空急流出现的时刻和高度,高空急流区和低空急流区不断发展并相互靠近可以预示阵风锋的到来;垂直速度正值突然增大(气流向上为正,向下为负)并迅速变成负值是判断阵风锋过境的一个依据,同时也预示降水即将开始;另外,高空温度递减率的突然加大对降雨的出现也有一定的预示作用.     

Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions, Dyes and Proteins by Chitosan Composites and Derivatives- A Review

Chitosan composites and derivatives have gained wide attentions as effective biosorbents due to their low costs and high contents of amino and hydroxyl functional groups. They have showed significant potentials of removing metal ions, dyes and pro- teins from various media. Chemical modifications that lead to the formation of the chitosan derivatives and chitosan composites have been extensively studied and widely reported in literatures. The aims of this review were to summarize the important information of the bioactivities of chitosan, highlight the various preparation methods of chitosan-based active biosorbents, and outline its potential applications in the adsorption of heavy metal ions, dyes and proteins from wastewater and aqueous solutions.     

天气尺度扰动流场对区域暴雨的指示能力

观测的大气流场可以物理分解为气候流场、行星尺度纬圈平均扰动流场和天气尺度扰动流场.低层大气的天气尺度扰动流场中的切变线、南方气旋、北方气旋、冷锋槽线、西南涡暖切变线、热带气旋、倒槽切变线、东风波切变线等对区域暴雨具有指示意义.扰动流场中的环流系统更适合天气分析的原理.中国的暴雨带多为扰动辐合线两侧气流对峙的结果.观测流场中,暴雨带出现在低空急流的左侧,是因为气候流场掩盖或削弱了天气尺度扰动流场的作用.对切变线暴雨,天气尺度扰动流场有99%的诊断能力,而原始流场只有66%的指示能力.     

Effects of soil compaction,rain exposure and their interaction on soil carbon dioxide emission

Soils release more carbon, primarily as carbon dioxide (CO₂), per annum than current global anthropogenic emissions. Soils emit CO₂ through mineralization and decomposition of organic matter and respiration of roots and soil organisms. Given this, the evaluation of the effects of abiotic factors on microbial activity is of major importance when considering the mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions. Previous studies demonstrate that soil CO₂ emission is significantly affected by temperature and soil water content. A limited number of studies have illustrated the importance of bulk density and soil surface characteristics as a result of exposure to rain on CO₂ emission, however, none examine their relative importance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of soil compaction and exposure of the soil surface to rainfall and their interaction on CO₂ release. We conducted a factorial laboratory experiment with three soil types after sieving (clay, silt and sand soil), three different bulk densities (1·1 g cm^–3, 1·3 g cm^–3, 1·5 g cm^–3) and three different exposures to rainfall (no rain, 30 minutes and 90 minutes of rainfall). The results demonstrated CO₂ release varied significantly with bulk density, exposure to rain and time. The relationship between rain exposure and CO₂ is positive: CO₂ emission was 53% and 42% greater for the 90 minutes and 30 minutes rainfall exposure, respectively, compared to those not exposed to rain. Bulk density exhibited a negative relationship with CO₂ emission: soil compacted to a bulk density of 1·1 g cm^–3 emitted 32% more CO₂ than soil compacted to 1·5 g cm^–3. Furthermore we found that the magnitude of CO₂ effluxes depended on the interaction of these two abiotic factors. Given these results, understanding the influence of soil compaction and raindrop impact on CO₂ emission could lead to modified soil management practices which promote carbon sequestration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽东湾北部海域沉积物重金属环境质量和污染演化

基于取自辽东湾北部海域表层沉积物和岩心样品,利用XRF等方法对沉积物中的重金属含量进行系统的测定,结合137 Cs、210Pb年代测定,分析了研究区表层沉积物中重金属分布特征、环境质量状态以及重金属污染历史。结果表明:辽东湾表层沉积物重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg含量高值区主要分布在葫芦岛附近海域,并且呈现由近岸向远岸递减的趋势;辽东湾海域部分站位表层沉积物已经受到重金属污染,轻度和重度污染率为34.5%,清洁率为65.5%,重度污染站位集中在葫芦岛附近海域;辽东湾沉积物中重金属污染大致出现在1975年,于1997年达到最大,随后,重金属污染开始明显减少。辽东湾沉积物中重金属分布及演化特征与沿海社会经济发展和国家环境保护政策有着密切的联系。     

Distribution of major and trace elements in surface sediments of Hangzhou Bay in China

The Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer was used to analyze sediment samples collected from the Hangzhou Bay to determine major and trace elemental concentrations. Based on these concentrations, the study area can be classified into three geochemical provinces. Province I covers the northern Hangzhou Bay area and contains high concentrations of Al₂ O₃ , Fe₂ O₃ , MgO, Na₂ O, K₂ O, MnO, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Co and Zn. Province III is located in the western Hangzhou Bay, near the Qiantang River mouth, and contains high concentrations of SiO₂ , Na₂ O, P₂ O₅ , TiO₂ , Cr, Sr, Zr. Province II is located in the middle and eastern Hangzhou Bay, with the medium concentrations of major and trace elements. The results also demonstrate that the grain size is the dominating factor controlling the spatial variations of elemental concentrations, and the Changjiang River （Yangtze River） and Qiantang River sediments play an important role in the distribution of these elements. Anthropogenic impact on heavy metal concentrations （especially Cr, Sr and Zr） can be detected in the surface sediments near the Qiantang River mouth.     

长江水下三角洲沉积物柱状样重金属垂向分布特征

对长江水下三角洲3个沉积物柱状样进行粒度分析、²¹⁰Pb测年,并测定其中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素和Al等常量元素的含量,得到了沉积物粒度、粘土含量、重金属含量的垂向分布曲线和沉积物测年数据。通过相关分析来研究沉积物中的Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属、粒度、Al相互之间的关系;以Al为参照元素对这4种重金属进行归一化处理,分析其归一化前后的垂向分布特征。结果表明,Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn 4种重金属元素在此区域的地球化学行为相似,其分布受细颗粒沉积物的吸附和胶体的絮凝作用共同控制;近一二十年来,该区域的Cr、Cu、Pb含量并没有显著增加,Zn有轻微污染。此外,CJ19柱中Cu存在异常峰值,可能是特大风暴潮事件对研究区浅水区底质沉积物中重金属的分布造成的影响。     

广西铁山港海域沉积物重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险评价

对广西铁山港海域表层沉积物进行采集,对沉积物中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg）含量进行测定,并采用单因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法进行了评价。结果表明：六种重金属平均含量（×10-6）依次为Zn（61.1）>Pb（15.9）> Cu（13.1）>As（10.1）>Cd（0.27）>Hg（0.068）,均低于国家海洋沉积物一类标准;铁山港表层沉积物重金属单因子污染程度总体较轻,属于低污染水平,污染程度排序为Cu＞Zn ＞Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb;铁山港海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险排序为Hg＞Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn,所有站位潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为 63.11,潜在生态风险总体处于较低水平,潜在风险高值区出现在铁山港北部海域,主要受Hg的高潜在风险水平影响。     

胶州湾及青岛近海表层沉积物重金属赋存形态研究

2008年11月和2010年11月分别在青岛近海6个站位和胶州湾9个站位采集了表层沉积物样品,应用连续提取法分离和测定其主要成分和重金属的赋存形态。结果表明,易还原态的重金属受铁锰氧化物体系显著影响,其中镍的迁移过程基本受控于该体系,有机结合态的铬和钡迁移变化受有机质一定影响,其他形态重金属主要受外源输入影响。Pb和Cr存在显著富集,相对其他金属污染较明显。Pb的生态风险最高。胶州湾东部,尤其是李村河口附近重金属污染程度和不稳定性都最为明显。