有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中的迁移分析

在复合衬垫中,有机污染物除了在土工膜缺陷处发生迁移外,在完好土工膜中的迁移也是主要方式。考虑有机污染物在土工膜边界处的浓度跳跃现象,建立了有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中迁移的一维模型,得到了解析解。通过与有限差分解的比较,验证了解答的合理性。应用该解答分析了GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫防止有机污染物渗漏的效果。结果表明,CCL复合衬垫的效果较好,可以通过黏土改性和增加黏土厚度的方法来提高其有效性。有机污染物类型的选择对GCL复合衬垫的分析结果影响较大,而阻滞系数的变化对分析结果影响较小。     

Arrenotokous toxic action and mechanism of atmospheric contamination： Toluene Diisocyanate

Toluene Diisocyanate is an atmospheric contaminant. To evaluate the arrenotokous toxic action and mechanism of Toluene Diisocyanate, diversifications of mice＇s testis tissue in the level of morphology and enzyme were observed and the effect on the content of RNA/DNA in arrenotokous cells was evaluated. Results showed Toluene Diisocyanate induced toxic action on spermatogenic cell, while the chondriosome was its target within the length and concentrations of exposure to TDI. TDI interfered not only with the energy-supply process of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, but also the energy-utilization in testis tissue by affecting enzyme activities. In addition, TDI also damnified spermatogenic cell and led to inreversible harm on spermatogenic epithelium. All resulted in toxic action on male mice＇s genital system. TDI had certain restraining effects on nucleic acid metabolism and DNA composition in arrenotokous cell. All the evidence sufficiently proved that TDI had certain arrenotokous toxic action on the level of morphology, enzyme and gene.     

昆明盆地孔隙水的化学特征及其演化规律

昆明盆地为一碳酸盐岩基底背景上形成的断陷盆地.研究区内孔隙水中Ca2+、HCO3-在阳、阴离子中占有绝对优势,水化学类型以HCO3-Ca、HCO3-Ca·Mg、HCO3·Cl-Ca等为主.受不同区域人为活动影响,地下水各离子组分空间分异较大,水化学类型由盆地边缘向盆地中心呈现出复杂化.在平面上,从盆地边缘向盆地中部的冲湖积平原方向,地下水矿化度具有东西过渡分带的特点,以矣六乡-小板桥-巫家坝-联盟镇为界,东部矿化度较低,西部则相对偏高.20年来,随城市化进程的加快,孔隙水水质的演变朝着正负两方面发展,盆地西山、草海一带生态环境有所好转,地下水矿化度在逐年降低,而地下水恶化的区间向着城市的外围边缘转移.冲湖积平原区,地下水矿化度变化不大.地下水化学类型的变异在很大程度上显示了地表土地利用方式的改变对地下水环境演变的影响.因子分析法的结果表明,地下水中Mg2+、HCO3-、Ca2+、Na+、Cl-、SO42-等离子的来源很大程度上显示自然演化的结果,而NO3-、K+、PO 4 3-等离子的来源主要受农业和生活污水的影响.地下水化学组分中Mg2+、Na+、Cl-、SO 4 2-和K+同时受到自然作用和外界污染的影响,以COD为代表的工业污染在一定程度上影响了地下水中Cl-、SO42-和K+的浓度及其分布.     

地下水中常见无机污染物的原位治理技术现状

随着全球工业化的进展,许多地区地下水的污染问题越来越严重,成为世人共同关注的问题。世界地下水污染的治理技术在飞速发展,欧美地区已有了许多地下水治理工程,我国的地下水治理技术尚处于起步阶段。本文以地下水中常见的无机污染物为线索,总结了它们的来源、危害及国内外治理技术的现状,以期对地下水污染的调查与治理工作有所借鉴。     

南岭地区几个与锡（钨）矿化有关的岩体的岩浆演化

南岭地区是中国重要的钨、锡成矿区,钨、锡矿化与该区燕山期侵位的花岗岩关系密切。在对南岭花岗岩的研究中发现,高的εNd、低的T2DM标志着有较多地幔物质的混入。在受地幔物质影响较大的杭州-诸广山-花山(HZH)带内出现较多的锡矿化;在地幔物质影响较小的地区锡矿化则相对较少。在总结前人关于南岭地区姑婆山、骑田岭、千里山和大吉山4个岩体的同位素、微量元素、稀土元素等资料的基础上,对4个岩体源岩中地幔物质的相对含量、岩浆演化过程、出溶流体的性质等进行了比较。结合4个岩体矿化类型的差异,认为地幔物质除可能为锡矿化的物质来源外,地幔物质混入量的差异还可能通过影响与矿化有关的花岗岩岩浆演化的过程而决定钨、锡矿化的差异。     

有机插层蛭石对有机污染物苯酚和氯苯的吸附特性研究

分别应用溴化十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMA)和溴化十六烷基吡啶(HDPY)改性插层级石对苯酚和氮苯两种非离于型环境污染物进行吸附性能研究。结果表明，蛭石原矿对苯酚和氮苯的吸附能力很小，经表面活性剂处理后其吸附能力大大增强。有机插层级石对苯酚的吸附具有表面吸附特征，其吸附等沮线为Freundish型；而对氮苯的吸附实际上是氮苯在水相与有机级石中有机相之间的一种分配过程，其吸附等沮线为直线型。苯酚和氮苯的竞争吸附并末减弱有机蛭石对氯苯的吸附能力，反而由于它们同时存在产生协同效应，使有机插层蛭石对氯苯总的吸附能力有所提高。     

Investigations on Diffusion Characteristics of Granite and Chalk Rock Mass

Contaminant transport through fractured rock mass is predominated by diffusion. This is due to the continuous interaction of the mobile water present in the fracture network and relatively immobile pore water, which is adsorbed on the surface and in the rock matrix itself. Even though the advective flow through the fracture network is high, besides sorption of rock mass, the diffusive exchange into the rock mass leads to significant retardation of contaminant transport. Hence, for describing contaminant transport in fractured rock mass, more precisely, the effect of retardation attributed to the matrix diffusion must be taken in account. With this in view, a methodology, which can be employed for determination of the diffusion characteristics of the rock mass, has been developed and its details are presented in this paper. Validation of the methodology has been demonstrated with the help of Archie’s law.     

Coring artifacts and contaminant inventories in lake sediment

Sediments of Lake 382, Experimental Lakes Area, Canada, were sampled at six sites using a 5-cm Wildco KB core sampler (KB), a similar device incorporating a ball check valve (BC), and a 0.2 m by 1.2 m flat-faced aluminum freeze core sampler (FC). Cores were sectioned at 1-cm intervals to a depth of 15 cm. Contaminant (²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs) concentrations (Bq g^-1) were measured by gamma spectroscopy, and inventories (Bq cm^-2) were calculated following standard methods. Sediments collected using FC, BC and KB had similar contaminant concentrations, however, cores collected by FC and BC had lower estimated inventories than KB cores. Differences between estimates appear to be caused by differences in the water content (WC) of core material. Laboratory studies confirm that FC sediments have higher WC than tube-cored sediment. We hypothesize that ice crystal formation increases the WC of freeze cores, resulting in lower contaminant inventories. Loss of surficial sediment caused by a bow wave may have a similar effect on BC samples. We conclude that KB core gear is appropriate for sampling sediments to measure contaminant concentrations and inventories in recently deposited sediments.     

基于不同地质统计方法的渗透系数场对污染物运移的影响

渗透系数场的空间变异性是影响污染物运移结果的决定因素,而地质统计方法是解决渗透系数空间变异性的主要技术手段。本文利用野外场地实测数据,采用普通克里格法和指示克里格法、顺序高斯模拟法和顺序指示模拟法四种地质统计方法,插值估测和模拟再现随机渗透系数场,进而对比研究四种渗透系数场对大尺度污染物运移的影响。研究结果表明,污染羽的质心位置（一阶矩）主要由渗透系数的平均值来决定;污染羽在空间上的展布范围（二阶矩）主要受渗透系数空间变异方差的影响;条件模拟克服了估计法的平滑效果,较好地再现真实曲线的波动性,渗透系数（ lnK）估计方差与污染羽空间二阶矩随着条件模拟次数的增加而减小,并且顺序指示模拟程度更加明显。     

LNAPL在二维含水介质中运移规律的研究

为研究LNAPL(轻质非水相液体)污染物在均匀含水介质中的运移规律,本文建立微元模型推导出LNAPL在均匀含水介质中的对流--弥散方程。针对不同的介质模型,对二维对流--弥散方程运用差分法进行数值模拟,求其数值解。分析LNAPL污染物的运移特征,得出在均匀介质和非均匀层状介质中运移规律:LNAPL污染物在含水介质中的运移规律遵循对流--弥散方程,介质的弥散系数是影响LNAPL污染物运移的主要因素。