地球化学样品分析中污染物研究

样品是地球科学研究工作的根本依据,样品一旦遭受污染,实验结果难免失准,之后的研究过程则是徒劳。这方面的工作较少有人专门研究,但其重要性却不容忽视。试验表明:地化样品在前处理和保存过程中,很容易被污染,而污染物的主要成分与地化样品的成分极为相似,这就意味着地化样品一旦被污染,很难区分哪些是污染物,哪些是样品本身固有的成分,不仅会对实验结果造成干扰,甚至会完全掩盖地质样品的原貌,误导研究工作,给科研和生产带来损失。     

地下水中常见无机污染物的原位治理技术现状

随着全球工业化的进展,许多地区地下水的污染问题越来越严重,成为世人共同关注的问题。世界地下水污染的治理技术在飞速发展,欧美地区已有了许多地下水治理工程,我国的地下水治理技术尚处于起步阶段。本文以地下水中常见的无机污染物为线索,总结了它们的来源、危害及国内外治理技术的现状,以期对地下水污染的调查与治理工作有所借鉴。     

Using resource management plans to protect organic production in New Zealand

Abstract: The focus of this article is on examining how resource management plans prepared under the Resource Management Act 1991 can be used to control the effects of activities for the purpose of preserving the integrity of an organic farm. The article examines effects that can potentially threaten an organic farm and identifies methods that could be employed in a District or Regional Plan to avoid or mitigate those effects. It concludes that the use of resource management plans represents a substantial opportunity to secure the position of the organic farm in New Zealand.     

核废料及有毒化学废料的地质处理问题

为了防止核废料及有毒化学废料进入生物圈污染人类所赖以生存的环境,自从70年代末以来,对核废料和有毒化学废料的地质处理发生了很大的兴趣。文中讨论了几种有关的溶质运移模型。并指出这些模型应用于实际野外问题时的主要困难在于各种参数的现场测定。同时,文中也指出了在这个领域中的数学模型技术和野外测试技术正在迅速发展之中,本文讨论的范围仅限于多孔介质及等价多孔介质中的溶质运移问题。     

Arrenotokous toxic action and mechanism of atmospheric contamination： Toluene Diisocyanate

Toluene Diisocyanate is an atmospheric contaminant. To evaluate the arrenotokous toxic action and mechanism of Toluene Diisocyanate, diversifications of mice＇s testis tissue in the level of morphology and enzyme were observed and the effect on the content of RNA/DNA in arrenotokous cells was evaluated. Results showed Toluene Diisocyanate induced toxic action on spermatogenic cell, while the chondriosome was its target within the length and concentrations of exposure to TDI. TDI interfered not only with the energy-supply process of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, but also the energy-utilization in testis tissue by affecting enzyme activities. In addition, TDI also damnified spermatogenic cell and led to inreversible harm on spermatogenic epithelium. All resulted in toxic action on male mice＇s genital system. TDI had certain restraining effects on nucleic acid metabolism and DNA composition in arrenotokous cell. All the evidence sufficiently proved that TDI had certain arrenotokous toxic action on the level of morphology, enzyme and gene.     

Investigations on Diffusion Characteristics of Granite and Chalk Rock Mass

Contaminant transport through fractured rock mass is predominated by diffusion. This is due to the continuous interaction of the mobile water present in the fracture network and relatively immobile pore water, which is adsorbed on the surface and in the rock matrix itself. Even though the advective flow through the fracture network is high, besides sorption of rock mass, the diffusive exchange into the rock mass leads to significant retardation of contaminant transport. Hence, for describing contaminant transport in fractured rock mass, more precisely, the effect of retardation attributed to the matrix diffusion must be taken in account. With this in view, a methodology, which can be employed for determination of the diffusion characteristics of the rock mass, has been developed and its details are presented in this paper. Validation of the methodology has been demonstrated with the help of Archie’s law.     

分形法估算分散性污染物的运移时间

污染物运移的分形模型导出一个新的适于任意浓度的污染物运移时间公式.对于一个高度非均质含水层中逐渐形成的污染羽,新公式预算出低浓度更早到达的测点.污染峰或羽的运移时间一般经常从达西定律中采用估算平均孔隙流速法得到,而此估算仅仅提供平均浓度(或污染脉冲的峰值浓度)的运移时间信息.近来,计算出任意浓度的运移时间是一个很直接的过程,并且对一个无反应污染物而言,其突破曲线部分的方程被发展.在文中,我们推导出这些方程去概括污染物运移的分形模型.     

南岭地区几个与锡（钨）矿化有关的岩体的岩浆演化

南岭地区是中国重要的钨、锡成矿区,钨、锡矿化与该区燕山期侵位的花岗岩关系密切。在对南岭花岗岩的研究中发现,高的εNd、低的T2DM标志着有较多地幔物质的混入。在受地幔物质影响较大的杭州-诸广山-花山(HZH)带内出现较多的锡矿化;在地幔物质影响较小的地区锡矿化则相对较少。在总结前人关于南岭地区姑婆山、骑田岭、千里山和大吉山4个岩体的同位素、微量元素、稀土元素等资料的基础上,对4个岩体源岩中地幔物质的相对含量、岩浆演化过程、出溶流体的性质等进行了比较。结合4个岩体矿化类型的差异,认为地幔物质除可能为锡矿化的物质来源外,地幔物质混入量的差异还可能通过影响与矿化有关的花岗岩岩浆演化的过程而决定钨、锡矿化的差异。     

考虑非等温环境下污染物在黏土中的运移解析模型

利用广义积分变换法推导了非等温条件下污染物在压实黏土衬垫中的运移解析解。所提出的解析解考虑了分子扩散、对流、吸附和热扩散的耦合效应,并考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化。通过与热扩散试验结果、已有的解析解和基于COMSOL软件的数值模型的对比,验证了所提出的解析解。利用经过验证的解析解,研究了非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数3个参数随温度的变化对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫系统中迁移的影响。结果表明,非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数随温度的变化均对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫中迁移有着显著的影响。不考虑非等温环境的影响将极大低估污染物的溢出量和污染物的击穿时间。既有解析解忽略压实黏土的渗透系数和有效扩散系数随温度的变化会极大低估甲苯的流出速率,而忽略压实黏土分布系数随温度的变化会极大高估甲苯击穿衬垫系统的时间和达到稳态的时间。所提出的解析解能够考虑热扩散作用,同时考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化,较既有解析解更贴近工程实际,能够为压实黏土衬垫系统的设计和服役性能评价提供指导和借鉴。     

Efficient solution for matrix-fracture flow with multiple interacting continua

An efficient numerical procedure for implementing the multiple interacting continua (MINC) method for fractured porous media in a general-purpose multiphase simulator is presented. This procedure is substantially faster, requires less memory, is amenable to any n-component, multiphase non-isothermal package, and is readily adaptable for parallel processing computers. The present procedure results in a reduction of the computing time by a factor of the order of NMINC³ as compared to the band algorithm, where NMINC is the number of nested continua into which each matrix block is further discretized. The memory requirement approaches a reduction factor of the order of NMINC² for larger problems compared to the band algorithm. The code for the algorithm was structured so as to set up the time consuming, but independent, computations for each matrix block in a subroutine that was parallelized and tested using a Sequent machine accessed under a UNIX environment. For NMINC=10, total computing time was reduced by 33 per cent for the use of two versus one processor, with the savings increasing for increasing NMINC. The proposed procedure can be implemented with the same ease and efficiency in conjunction with any iterative or direct method, and the grid-blocks can be ordered in any non-standard manner such as in D-4, D-2, and others. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.