空气扰动技术对地下水中氯苯污染晕的控制及去除效果

原位空气扰动技术(air sparging,AS)是去除饱和土壤和地下水中挥发性有机物的最有效方法之一。首先利用二维砂槽研究曝气量与空气饱和度、影响半径的关系。结果表明:提高曝气量可以增大地下水中的空气饱和度以及曝气影响半径,但二者的增幅与曝气量的增幅不成比例,随着曝气量的增加,二者增幅减缓。又利用砂槽研究了在水力梯度一定的情况下,不同曝气量对氯苯迁移和去除效果的影响。空气的注入降低了影响区域的渗透系数,减缓了地下水的流动,有效地控制了污染物的迁移。未曝气时,130 h以后,氯苯随地下水流迁移出砂箱的比例为19.7%,而曝气量为0.1、0.2 m³/h时,此比例仅为3.6%和0.9%;与此同时,AS对氯苯的去除率分别为68.2%和78.6%。这说明AS可以有效控制污染物的迁移和去除,曝气量较大时效果更为明显。     

建议纳入地下水调查指标体系的有机污染物——基于迁移性和致病风险的分析

在地下水有机污染调查中,如何准确地选择测试项目,对于正确认识和评价地下水的污染状况是十分必要的.本文通过参照不同标准或规范中所选择的有机指标,依据它们的迁移性和致病风险,从258种有机物中遴选出了29种"地下水污染调查评价规范"(2006)中尚未包括的有机物(主要是除草剂和杀虫剂).建议在进行地下水有机污染调查时,依据当地的污染源情况,增加相应的监测指标,特别是要加强对致病风险高和迁移性较高有机物的重视.     

Groundwater monitoring strategies for variable contaminant migration boundaries

Abstract

Detection efficiencies of alternative groundwater monitoring networks were evaluated in relation to distance to a buffer zone (contaminant migration) boundary. This boundary establishes a distance limit within which contaminant plumes should pass through monitoring wells, located on curvilinear segments (monitoring loci) near a waste storage facility. Alternative strategies allocated monitoring wells to loci at specified distances, measured parallel to groundwater flow, from the downgradient boundaries of a landfill. One approach constrained wells to equal spacing, measured perpendicular to groundwater flow. Compressing well locations 10% closer to the downgradient corner of the landfill rendered alternative monitoring configurations. Computations by a monitoring efficiency model indicated: (a) networks largely maintained detection efficiency for different contaminant migration boundaries; (b) one network most efficiently attained a target detection capability for all contaminant migration boundaries; and (c) compressed networks slightly outperformed equal-spaced counterparts. Compressed networks with more wells along closer monitoring loci best maintained the detection efficiency when shifting the contaminant migration boundary closer to the landfill. Procedures described in this paper may be useful for examining trade-offs between monitoring efficiency and distance limits of contaminant travel at landfills posing potential hazards to underlying groundwater.     

On the cumulant expansion up scaling of ground water contaminant transport equation with nonequilibrium sorption

The laboratory-scale ground water transport equation with nonequilibrium sorption reaction subjected to unsteady, nondivergence-free, and nonstationary velocity fields is up-scaled to the field-scale by using the ensemble-averaged equations obtained from the cumulant expansion ensemble-averaging method. It is found that existing ensemble-averaged equations obtained with the help of the cumulant expansion method for the system of linear partial differential equations are not second-order exact. Although the cumulant expansion methodology is designed for noncommuting operators, it is found that there are still commudativity requirements that need to be satisfied by the functions and constants exist in the coefficient matrix of the system of ordinary/partial differential equations. A reversibility requirement, which covers the commudativity requirements, is also proposed when applying the cumulant expansion method to a system of partial differential equations/a partial differential equation. The significance of the new velocity correction obtained in this study due to the applied second-order exact cumulant expansion is investigated on a numerical example with a linear trend in the distribution coefficient. It is found that the effect of the new velocity correction can be significant enough to affect the maximum concentration values and the plume center of mass in the case of a trending distribution coefficient in a physically heterogeneous environment.     

Development of FBMINC model for particle diffusion in fluids

An accurate particle tracking method using FBMINC （new fractional Brownian motion） is outlined. It generates non-Fickian diffusion rather than Fickian diffusion as traditional particle tracking model does. The FBMINC model is based on fractional Brownian motion （fl3m） which is generalization of regular Brownian motion. The two models of fBms （FBM model and FBMINC model） were explored and the differences of the two models are compared from the three aspects： the standard deviation of each step, the small memory and the effect of the number of particles in the cloud. The results show the FBMINC model is a better model as it produces more accurate statistics. The effect of simple shear dispersion for both Brownian and fBm was investigated. The power law scaling of fBm shear dispersion was correctly identified. In addition, a scaling coettieient was found numerically. The FBMINC model is then used for producing both superdiffusive and subdiffusive particle paths, therefore, the non-Fickian diffusion of soil particle clouds can be modelled. The particle clouds represent soil contaminant are released in an idealised coastal bay and the fBm particle tracking method is used for simulation the particle cloud spreading in the bay. There is a noticeable increase in the spreading rate of the cloud. In addition, owning to the spreading rate of the cloud, a noticeable part of it has escaped the bay area and transported downstream. The variation of the Hurst exponent can lead to an area of the flow being affected by a contaminant cloud which is not picked up by the regular Brownian motion models. The purpose of this paper is to bring soil transport engineers a new angle on soil particle transport research in fluids. Using FBM1NC particle tracking model allows more flexibility in simulation of diffusion in soil contaminant spread in coastal bay or ocean surface.     

多孔介质中非水相流体运移的数值模拟

针对多孔介质中水、气和非水相流体(NAPLs)的多相流动特点,建立了非水相流体(NAPLs)污染物迁移模型,分析了非水相流体在土壤非饱和区和地下水系统中的运移规律。通过有限元数值解对轻非水相流体和重非水相流体在土壤系统中的迁移过程进行模拟,得到了污染物的时空分布特征和污染范围。计算结果表明,数值模拟方法能够合理地描述非水相流体的运移过程和污染特征。土体渗透性和污染物残余饱和度是其重要影响因素。     

非饱和带水-气二相流数值模拟研究进展

通过对近年来水-气二相流数值模拟情况的分析,总结了在水-气二相流模拟过程中,各个主要参数或物理过程的数学概化方法,以及近年来求解水-气二相流方程和污染物运移方程的各种方法,论述了各种方法的优点和不足.并提出了需进一步研究解决的问题.     

Transport simulation of sorptive contaminants considering sediment-associated processes

Sediment-associated processes, such as sediment erosion, deposition, and pore water diffusion/advection affect sorptive contaminant transport. By considering these processes, we developed an equation to simulate contaminant transport. Erosion and deposition processes are considered as erosion and deposition fluxes of sediment, and adsorption-desorption processes of contaminants by sediment are simulated using the Langmuir Equation. Pore water diffusion is calculated based on the contaminant concentration gradient across the sediment-water interface. Pore water advection is estimated using pore water contained in the sediments of erosion flux. The equation is validated to simulate total phosphorus concentrations in Guanhe estuary in the northern Jiangsu, China. The simulated total phosphorus concentrations show better agreement with field observations compared to estimations that do consider sediment-associated processes.     

地下水污染源反演的Hooke Jeeves吸引扩散粒子群混合算法

根据污染物质量浓度监测数据进行地下水污染源反演是一类典型的地下水逆问题,该问题可转化为决策变量为污染源位置和强度的最优化问题进行求解。基于Hooke-Jeeves粒子群混合算法,引入吸引扩散粒子群(ARPSO)算法的粒子群发散算子,保证混合算法的种群多样性,并提出HJ-ARPSO混合算法,再结合地下水污染物迁移模型MT3DMS反演地下水污染源的位置和强度信息。在已知污染源位置和未知污染源位置两种情形下,分别利用HJ-ARPSO算法、HJ-PSO算法和GA算法进行地下水污染源反演。在两种情形下,HJ-ARPSO算法均具有较高的寻优成功率(分别对应为100%和90%);与之相比,未引入粒子群发散算子的HJ-PSO算法在未知污染源位置情形下其寻优成功率迅速降为60%;GA算法寻优效率则最低。算例结果表明,HJ-ARPSO算法是一种有效的地下水污染源反演优化算法。     

昆明市地热田越流含水系统中地下热水的数值模拟

深层基岩地下（热）水水化学污染问题日趋严重,急需定量而仿真地模拟和预报天然状态和各种人为工程经济活动下地下（热）水流动及溶质（或污染物）的运移。在充分认识地质、水文地质条件的基础上,建立了考虑温压变化和越流条件的昆明市地热田深层基岩地下热水系统中水流和溶质运移的准三维非稳定流数学模型。模型用于开采条件下地热田地下热水水位及 F^－、Cl^－浓度的模拟,模拟结果具有较高的仿真性,拟合误差一般小于 2％～5％,表明模型合理、可靠。应用所建模型预测了开采条件下昆明市地热田II块段地下热水流场和溶质浓度动态的变化趋势,并提出了控制地下热水环境进一步恶化的措施。