不同对流参数化方案试验中凝结加热的特征及对暴雨中尺度模拟结果的影响

使用20 km分辨率的MM5模式,分别选用KUO,GRELL,KAIN-FRITSCH和BETTS-MILLER(以下简称KU,GR,KF和BM)等4种不同对流参数化方案,对1996年8月3~4日石家庄特大暴雨过程作数值模拟试验,分析比较了4个不同试验中网格尺度(显式方案)和次网格尺度(对流参数化方案)凝结加热的水平、垂直分布和时变特征;研究探讨了凝结加热分布及差异对暴雨中尺度模拟结果的可能影响。分析显示,暴雨过程中,4个不同对流参数化方案试验所得到的次网格尺度凝结加热基本都呈单峰特征、加热峰值在对流层中层,但加热层厚度和强度在不同试验间存在差别;4个试验的网格尺度凝结加热的垂直范围表现出较好的一致性,加热重心位于对流层低层,但加热强度仍有所不同;GR和KF及BM试验的总凝结加热率的垂直分布特征主要受其网格尺度凝结加热率特征的影响、加热重心在对流层低层,而KU试验的总凝结加热率的垂直分布特征由其次网格尺度凝结加热率特征所决定、加热重心在对流层中层。研究表明,尽管4个试验在暴雨期间总凝结加热的垂直分布差异并不显著,但对暴雨中尺度模拟的影响却不能忽视。凝结加热的分布特征及演变直接影响与暴雨发生发展密切关联的物理量场的中尺度结构和演变;凝结加热对暴雨中尺度的影响具有连锁性,由加热差异波及局部环流细致结构和强度及其变化的差异,进而影响暴雨发生发展的细致特征。在20 km或更高一些分辨率的条件下,对于描述温带/中纬度暴雨的发展和结构,选用KF方案得到的模拟结果可能更具物理合理性;而KU方案模拟结果容易出现格点气柱的水汽和温度被过量调整的不合理情况。要得到一个可信的中尺度模拟结果,对降水模拟结果进行细化特征的验证、特别是随时间演变特征的验证分析是非常重要的,因为降水的细致演变特征与凝结加热及与之相联系的物理量场的中尺度演变特征密切关联。     

青藏高原地表热源异常与四川盆地夏季降水的关联

利用所计算的1961—1995年高原热源资料、四川与重庆的降水资料以及500hPa月平均高度场资料，分析了高原地表热源异常对四川盆地降水与旱涝的影响。结果表明，高原地表热源异常与四川盆地降水和旱涝有显著的相关；高原地表热源异常通过强迫500hPa东亚大气环流异常来影响四川盆地降水。     

节能温度、供热气象指数及供热参数研究

对北京市2001～2002年采暖季的室内外气象一热力试验数据进行科学分析,求出实际条件下不同环境温度、风速、辐射等气象条件下的节能温度,提出了供热气象指数及等级划分标准,推算出总供热量、供回水温度差及通过控制回水温度而知供水温度等供热参数,并已在北京市供热作业中投入应用,为实时供热调度提供了参考依据,是节能、增效、减污的基础。     

全球变暖背景下三亚湾上升流的冷水有利于珊瑚的生存

It has been reported that global warming has negative effects on coral ecosystems in the past 50 years and the effects vary in different ocean environment. In order to make clear the coral reef status in the background of global warming along the south coast of Hainan Island of China, satellite and in situ data are used to retrieve the information of the coral reef status and surrounding environmental factors. The results show that cool water induced by upwelling along the south coast of Hainan Island is found in the area every summer month, especially in the relatively strong El Ni?o years(2002–2003 and 2005). From the NOAA satellite data, degree heating week(DHW) index does not exceed 3 in Sanya Bay even in the relatively strong El Ni?o years. By comparison of a coral reef growth rate in the Sanya Bay with respect to El Ni?o events from 1957 to 2000, coral's growth rate is relatively greater during 1972, 1991–1994 and 1998 El Ni?o event. By analyzing the environmental factors, it is found that the cool water induced by upwelling may be the main reason for protecting corals from global warming effects.     

基于OpenSees的混凝土结构连续倒塌分析中的从属节点建模技术

对重大工程结构进行强地震作用下的连续倒塌全过程分析并建立相应的设计与控制方法,已成为当前地震工程领域的发展趋势。目前,由于数值求解方面的困难,绝大多数针对极端作用下的结构连续倒塌的研究止步于数值临界状态的界定,在分析过程中不能实时地对结构构件的损伤状态进行监测并根据构件的损伤状态对分析模型进行修改。为了实现连续倒塌过程中构件的逐步失效,在OpenSees程序中,基于Beam with Hinges Element构建了端部带附属节点的Beam with Hinges Element,并根据构件失效情况对附属节点的多点约束进行控制。采用三次静力凝聚方法和Newmark-beta法,给出了对此改进建模技术可信的理论背景,方法的准确性通过一个简单框架算例得到了验证。     

The effects of asymmetric potential vorticity forcing on the instability of South Asia High and Indian summer monsoon onset

Based on the theory of potential vorticity(PV),the unstable development of the South Asia High(SAH)due to diabatic heating and its impacts on the Indian Summer Monsoon(ISM)onset are studied via a case diagnosis of 1998.The Indian Summer Monsoon onset in 1998 is related to the rapidly strengthening and northward moving of a tropical cyclone originally located in the south of Arabian Sea.It is demonstrated that the rapid enhancement of the cyclone is a consequence of a baroclinic development characterized by the phase-lock of high PV systems in the upper and lower troposphere.Both the intensification of the SAH and the development of the zonal asymmetric PV forcing are forced by the rapidly increasing latent heat released from the heavy rainfall in East Asia and South East Asia after the onsets of the Bay of Bengal(BOB)monsoon and the South China Sea(SCS)monsoon.High PV moves southwards along the intensified northerlies on the eastern side of the SAH and travels westwards on its south side,which can reach its northwest.Such a series of high PV eddies are transported to the west of the SAH continuously,which is the main source of PV anomalies in the upper troposphere over the Arabian Sea from late spring to early summer.A cyclonic curvature on the southwest of the SAH associated with increasing divergence,which forms a strong upper tropospheric pumping,is generated by the anomalous positive PV over the Arabian Sea on 355 K.The cyclone in the lower troposphere moves northwards from low latitudes of the Arabian Sea,and the upper-layer high PV extends downwards and southwards.Baroclinic development thus occurs and the tropical low-pressure system develops into an explosive vortex of the ISM,which leads to the onset of the ISM.In addition,evolution of subtropical anticyclone over the Arabian Peninsula is another important factor contributing to the onset of the ISM.Before the onset,the surface sensible heating on the Arabian Peninsula is very strong.Consequently the subtropical anticyclone which dominated the Arabian Sea in spring retreats westwards to the Arabian Peninsula and intensifies rapidly.The zonal asymmetric PV forcing develops gradually with high PV eddies moving southwards along northerlies on the eastern side of the anticyclone,and a high PV trough is formed in the middle troposphere over the Arabian Sea,which is favorable to the explosive barotropic development of the tropical cyclone into the vortex.Results from this study demonstrate that the ISM onset,which is different from the BOB and the SCS monsoon onset,is a special dynamical as well as thermodynamic process occurring under the condition of fully coupling of the upper,middle,and lower tropospheric circulations.     

利用磷灰石裂变径迹对断层摩擦生热探测或测量的初步探讨

以青藏高原东北缘断裂带为研究对像,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量进行了初步探讨。其基本思路是利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计的热敏感,通过对横跨断层垂直方向断层岩和围岩的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄及围限径迹长度分布的对比分析,对断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测。本次研究对来自3个断层剖面的13个样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹分析,样品包括断层主滑动面上的断层泥、碎裂岩和断层围岩,分析结果并没有获得断层摩擦生热的证据,表明这些断层在地震滑动过程中的摩擦增温非常有限,没有达到磷灰石裂变径迹热年代计体系可加载热信息的温度－时间要求。结合前人已有的相关研究,对利用磷灰石裂变径迹热年代学对地震断层滑动摩擦生热进行探测或测量存在的主要问题及可行性进行了初步总结和探讨,认为只适应于对震级大、断层滑动距离和速率大,摩擦强度强,位于一定深度有大量摩擦热生成,并使断层附近增温达到或超过磷灰石裂变径迹部分或完全退火温度的断层进行滑动摩擦生热的探测或测量,将是一种潜在的能对地震断层滑动摩擦生热或增温进行测量的“热量计或温度计”。     

广西气候与建筑设计

对广西建筑设计所涉及的气候参数进行了计算和分析,给出了南宁、桂林的基本风压、采暖通风和空调室外气象参数和建筑采光系数,为建筑部门提供了科学依据。     

燃烧加热污染空气对超燃冲压发动机性能影响研究

针对燃烧加热地面试验设备存在的工质污染问题,采用数值模拟方法研究了燃烧加热污染空气对氢燃料超燃冲压发动机性能的影响。以飞行马赫数Ma=6.5,当量油气比ER=0.6为计算基准状态,分别对纯净空气和污染空气来流下氢燃料超燃冲压发动机的整机流场和性能进行了对比计算分析。燃烧化学反应模拟采用了改进的H₂/O₂七组分八方程模型,湍流模型为标准的 k-ε模型,并采用直连式燃烧室试验数据进行了数值方法的验证。研究结果表明:(1)相对于纯净空气来流,污染空气来流下的超燃冲压发动机推力和比冲均有所下降。(2)采用酒精燃烧加热器的前提下,来流参数匹配静温、静压、马赫数时,发动机性能与纯净空气来流下的结果最为接近,而匹配总温、总压、马赫数时相差最大。(3)来流参数匹配总焓、静压、马赫数的前提下,采用氢燃烧加热器时发动机性能与纯净空气来流下的结果最为接近,而采用甲烷燃烧加热器时相差最大。      

东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东西向移动的热力强迫分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1 000～10 hPa 2.5 °×2.5 °日平均再分析资料,分析2003年6月22—25日热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高,下同）短期东西进退的热力强迫过程,并探讨了相应机制。结果表明:东风带扰动附近非绝热效应分布和强度的变化影响着西太副高东西向的运动;西太副高短期东西向移动有趋“冷”的趋势,即西太副高向非绝热加热减弱或者非绝热冷却增强方向移动;在西太副高突然东退前后,东风带扰动东、西侧的非绝热加热效应出现明显的变化,主要体现为东风带扰动东侧非绝热冷却效应增强和东风带扰动西侧非绝热冷却效应减弱东退的特征,而且在对流层300 hPa高度附近表现最为明显;在非绝热加热效应影响因子中,垂直输送项最为重要,其次为局地变化项,水平平流效应最不显著,因此,垂直输送作用和局地变化作用引起的非绝热效应的变化是影响西太副高突然东退的主要原因。