Geographical and vertical variation of the earth's seismicity

Information concerning a total number of 13700 instrumentally recorded earthquakes is used to study the geographical and the vertical distribution of the Earth's seismicity. From these earthquakes, which form four complete samples of data (M 7.0, 1894–1992; M 6.5, 1930–1992; M 6.0, 1953–1992; M 5.5, 1966–1992), 11511 are shallow (h 60 km), 2085 are of intermediate focal depth (61 h 300 km) and 564 are deep focus earthquakes (301 h 720 km). The parameters a and b of the frequency-magnitude relationship were calculated in a grid of equally spaced points at 1° by using the data of earthquakes located inside circles centered at each point. The radius of the circles increased from 30 km with a step of 10 km until the information for the earthquakes located inside the circle fulfil three criteria which concern the size of the sample used to compute these parameters at each point of the grid. The results are given in a qualitative way (epicenter maps) as well as in a quantitative way (mean return periods).     

THREE KINDS OF TIME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF REMARKABLE EARTHQUAKES IN SEISMIC SEQUENCES

ＴＨＲＥＥＫＩＮＤＳＯＦＴＩＭＥＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＦＵＮＣＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＲＥＭＡＲＫＡＢＬＥＥＡＲＴＨＱＵＡＫＥＳＩＮＳＥＩＳＭＩＣＳＥＱＵＥＮＣＥＳＤｉａｏＳｈｏｕｚｈｏｎｇＷａｎｇＨｏｎｇｗｅｉＣｈａｏＨｏｎｇｔａｉＨｕａＡｉｊｕｎ（Ｓｅｉ...     

川西孔玉——会理金矿带同位素特征与金矿分布

金矿带内不同金矿床氢氧和硫同位素组成,清楚地反映出各金矿产出地质背景的差异,显示出金矿与赋矿围岩有成因联系;δ＾１８Ｏ石英和δ＾１８Ｏ水的变化趋势,反映出金矿空间分布规律及其成矿系列演化。     

Distribution of airborne pollen and spores and their long distance transport

The atmosphere near the ground contains a mixed population of pollen and spores in the 1 to 90 m diameter range. Continuous sampling at Rothamsted Experimental Station at 2 m above ground level indicated concentrations averaging 12,000 m^–3 over 5 summer months, but 1 million m^–3 can occur for short periods. Concentrations change rapidly with locality, season, time of day or night and weather. Normally concentration in the troposphere decreases logarithmically with height. The occurrence of long distance transport of pollen and spores by wind is demonstrated by sampling from aircraft, and supported by much circumstantial evidence. Possible effects of this air spora on the atmosphere may be sought in alterations to: opacity, ionization, condensation nuclei, and sinks for minor gases.     

Incursion of the Pacific Ocean Water into the Indian Ocean

Using the data collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, maps showing the distribution of depth, acceleration potential, salinity and oxyty were prepared for the northeast monsoon for the four potential thermosteric anomaly surfaces: 160, 120, 80 and 60 cl/t. Zonal components of current along 84°E were computed from the geopotential dynamic heights. From such an analysis, it became clear that low-salinity water from the Pacific intrudes into the western Indian Ocean through the Banda and Timor seas in the upper layers above 100 cl/t surface, while the North Indian Ocean Water penetrates towards the Eastern Archipelago below 100 cl/t surface. The South Equatorial Countercurrent and the Tropical Countercurrent are well depicted on the vertical section of zonal components as well as on the distribution of acceleration potential.     

涡度规则分布与非规则分布的转换

用一个β平面准地转正压模式积分１２个模式日,研究涡旋相互作用问题。初始场上有一个台风涡旋和一对涡旋偶极子,它们的等值线均为光滑、规则的分布。规则分布的涡旋之间的相互作用,可以激发出一个非规则的貌似混乱的涡度分布区域。随着时间的演化,在这个非规则分布的区域,一个相对有序的反气旋环流又逐渐显示出来。     

MESO-α-SCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS OVER CHINA DURING 1995

There were 102 meso-α-scale convective systems(MαCSs)generated over China and theneighboring sea during June—August 1995.Those MαCSs were concentrated in three major areas:the west of South China,Sichuan Basin,and the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang andthe Huanghe River Basin.Six cases of MαCS in different regions are given to show the variety ofthe MαCS genesis and development by the distributions of their cold-cloud-shield black bodytemperature.     

CONCENTRATION AND FLUX OF CO_2, TURBULENCE FLUXES AND RADIATION BALANCE IN THE NEAR SURFACE LAYER OVER WHEAT FIELD

The gradient of CO_2 concentration, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). net radiation.soil heat flux, profiles of wind speed, and air temperature and humidity were measured above awheat field during May and June 1985 at Beijing Agro-Ecosystems Experimental Station. Beijing,China. Fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible heat, latent heat and momentum were calculated byusing the aerodynamic method. The observation site. equipment, calibration techniques, theerrors associated with the measurement, and the computational procedures are described. Theresults show that the diurnal variations of amplitude of CO_2 concentrations were 103.8 to 27. 0. 86.3 to 22.8 and 69.8 to 11.6 ppm: the average CO_2 concentrations were 331.5. 339.9 and 364.6 ppmfor the photosynthesis type, and 369.6. 364.0 and 375.2 ppm for the respiration type at 1. 2 and10 m above surface, respectively, from May 14 to June 15. In the daytime, transfer direction ofthe CO_2 fluxes and gradients is from air to crop canopy, and at noon (1100 to 1300 BT (BeijingTime)) the transfer rate reaches negative maximum value. At night, transfer of CO_2 fluxes andgradients is in the reversed direction and reaches positive maximum in the early morning (0400 to0600 BT). There are strong negative correlations between CO_2 flux and the net radiation (Rn),available energy (H LE). photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and momentum flux (τ).     

Some foundation stability problems of the railway bridge over the Mala Rijeka

SummarySome Foundation Stability Problems of the Railway Bridge over the Mala Rijeka The authors presented an outlay of problems occurring in estimating the stability of rocky slopes loaded by large vertical forces. General attitudes, kept by the authors during the stability analysis for an actual case — foundation of piers No. 3 and 4 of the railway bridge across the Mala Rijeka, are also presented. The results of calculation as well as the advantages of the approach applied are outlined in the paper. Finally, general conclusions are drawn regarding the method to be kept in solving the stability of slopes loaded by large artificial loading.With 7 Figures