RTM Gravity Forward-Modeling Using Topography/Bathymetry Data to Improve High-Degree Global Geopotential Models in the Coastal Zone

We apply the residual terrain modeling (RTM) technique for gravity forward-modeling to successfully improve high-resolution global gravity fields at short spatial scales in coastal zones. The RTM scheme is combined with the concept of rock-equivalent topography, allowing to use a single uniform constant mass-density in the RTM forward-modeling, both at land and sea. SRTM30_PLUS bathymetry is merged with higher-resolution SRTM V4.1 land topography, and expanded into spherical harmonics to degree 2160, yielding a new and consistent high-degree RTM reference surface. The forward-modeling performance is demonstrated in coastal zones of Greece and Canada using ground-truth vertical deflections, gravity from land and shipborne gravimetry, and geoid heights from GPS/leveling, with improvements originating from bathymetry clearly identified. We demonstrate that the SRTM30_PLUS bathymetry carries information on gravity field structures at spatial scales less than 5 arc minutes, which can be used to augment EGM2008 in (rugged) coastal zones, both over land and marine areas. This may be of value (i) to partially reduce the signal omission error in EGM2008/GOCE-based height transfer in areas devoid of dense gravity data, (ii) to fill the gap between land gravity and shipborne gravity along rugged coastlines, and (iii) for the development of next-generation altimetric gravity fields.     

湖南省地形因素对水稻生产的影响

作为一种人工生态系统,水稻的生产受自然条件和人为管理的共同影响。其中,地形因素不仅决定了水稻生长必须的光热等资源的再分配,而且还影响人类的农业管理活动。以中国水稻主产区中地形较为复杂的湖南省为研究对象,基于多种数据,从生态学的“格局—过程”思想出发,讨论了地形因素对水田分布、水稻生长过程及水稻产量的影响。研究发现,地形因素对水田分布的空间格局影响最为明显,对水稻生长过程影响次之,而对水稻产量影响较弱。在各地形因素中,高程对于水稻生产的影响最为突出。研究结果还反映出地形因素造成了湖南省水田分布和热量分配在北部平原地区的不匹配,政府部门应根据区域特征,因地制宜采取措施,提高该地区水稻生产效益。     

The structural evolution of the Fyfe Hills‐Khmara Bay region,Enderby Land,East Antarctica

The Table Hill Volcanics of the Officer Basin were first dated as approximately 1100 m.y. from Rb‐Sr model ages for total‐rock samples of basalt from the Yowalga No. 2 bore. Later regional mapping, however, places the Volcanics as Marinoan (very late Precambrian) or younger, and receives support from discordant K‐Ar ages ranging from 330 m.y. to 445 m.y. New total‐rock analyses confirm the original Rb‐Sr data, but analyses of separated minerals do not confirm the low value for the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr that had been assumed to calculate the 1100 m.y. model age. Instead, apparently‐unaltered primary pyroxenes indicate that the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr could be as high as 0.718. Combined with the total‐rock results, this yields an apparent age for the basalt of 575 ± 40 m.y. It is possible in principle that the high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr in the pyroxenes could be due to Sr isotope exchange during a Palaeozoic metamorphism, but there is absolutely no field or petrological evidence for such an event. Consequently, and in view of the stratigraphic evidence for their age, the Rb‐Sr data are best interpreted as signifying an original extrusion of the basalts at 575 ± 40 m.y., together with a prehistory of the magma that includes contamination with radiogenic Sr and alkalis from Precambrian crustal material.     

Hydrogeomorphic properties of simulated drainage patterns using digital elevation models: the flat area issue / Propriétés hydro-géomorphologiques de réseaux de drainage simulés à partir de modèles numériques de terrain: la question des zones planes

Abstract

Flat areas are a critical issue for the characterization of drainage patterns using digital elevation models (DEM). In this work, flat area removal and flow direction algorithms are implemented, and also a physically-based DEM correction model is introduced, for investigating their influence on the topological properties of the channel network, the Hortonian parameters and the hillslope width function. Differences of results, as compared to the standard procedures implemented in widely-used GIS-based hydrological packages, show the importance for hydrogeomorphic modellers to consider the use of more detailed approaches.     

大比例尺数字测图中等高线的绘制

对大比例尺数字测图等高线绘制中经常出现的问题进行了探讨,提出了解决方法,为基层测量人员解决等高线测绘中遇到的常见问题提供借鉴。     

A Small War,Gallipoli 1915. He Who is Above Sees All: An Early Use of Aerial Photography in Terrain Analysis

Abstract

When Lord Kitchener ordered Sir Ian Hamilton in 1915 to command land operations on Gallipoli he gave him a solitary old One Inch map and denied him any air forces. When Winston Churchill had earlier sent the Royal Navy to break through to the Black Sea, he had ensured that the Royal Naval Division withdrawn from fighting on the Western Front was accompanied by a Naval Air Squadron as its forward reconnaissance element. Ernest Dowson, the Surveyor General of Egypt, appointed to provide local mapping support, soon convinced the Naval pilots of the value of air photography taken systematically to meet his map-making requirements. In September 1915 Dowson wrote a Secret technical report demonstrating for the first time to British Commanders the practicality of mapping from specified aeroplane photographs of the operational area.     

Interactive Design of 3D Maps with Progressive Projection

Abstract

The progressive projection is by origin a manual cartographic technique, traditionally used by panoramic landscape painters; however, it is rarely encountered in digitally created three-dimensional (3D) maps. In this article, the advantages of this specific projection when designing 3D maps are presented, the processes involved in its manual construction, as well as the existing and potential digital implementation approaches, are reviewed. A new algorithmic solution is described, allowing for user-friendly interactive bending of a terrain model into a progressive view, with options to add a curved horizon, to vertically exaggerate the terrain, and to create a 360° strip panorama. The resulting software, Terrain Bender, is freely available for download.     

三维GIS技术在断面测量中的应用

本文针对常规基于二维矢量数据和高分辨率影像的断面采集方式在直观性、数据源等方面的不足,引入三维GIS技术,利用相关基础地理数据构建三维地理环境,设计了一套三维地理环境下的断面数据采集技术流程,并在此基础上研制了一个软件平台.实际工程应用显示,该平台不仅可以满足铁路勘测设计应用,还具有可视化、批量化断面采集和检查能力,能够提高断面采集工作效率,减轻内业工作强度.     

不同比例尺DEM地形信息容量的探讨

本文以福建省11个地区作为实验样区,利用Python脚本进行批量提取地形因子,从中选取坡度、粗糙度两个地形因子,并引入信息论中的信息熵、自信息相关理论进行研究。以1∶10 000比例尺DEM提取的地形因子为真值,与1∶50 000比例尺DEM所提取的地形因子信息容量进行对比分析,研究两种比例尺DEM所提取的地形因子引起的信息容量的损失和纠正方法,以及通过线性回归分析寻找两种比例尺DEM的相同地形因子面积定量信息对应的转换公式。     

Terrain radiometric calibration of airborne UAVSAR for forested area

In the field of biomass estimation, terrain radiometric calibration of airborne polarimetric SAR data for forested areas is an urgent problem. Illuminated area correction of σ -naught could not completely remove terrain features. Inspired by Small and Shimada, this paper tested gamma-naught on one mountainous forested area using airborne Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar data and found it could remove most terrain features. However, a systematic increasing trend from far range to near range is found in airborne SAR cases. This paper made an attempt to use the relationship between distance to SAR sensor and γ-naught to calibrate γ -naught. Two quantitative evaluation methods are proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that variation of γ -naught can be constrained to a limited extent from near range to far range. Since this method is based on ground range images, it avoids complicated orthorectification.