平均经圈环流质量流函数两种计算方案的比较

质量流函数(Φ)是直观、定量描述纬向平均经圈环流的物理量。用相同格点网、相同资料(1958-1998年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料)比较了迭代方案、叠加方案求得Φ在描述平均经圈环流气候态、强El Nino年异常态以及Hadley环流双层结构时的异同。比较表明，二者计算结果间不存在明显差异；但叠加方案只用v资料，计算也简单。     

2001年4月8日宁夏强沙尘暴天气中尺度系统分析

对2001年4月8日宁夏出现的一次强沙尘暴过程进行了天气背景及中尺度天气学分析。根据不同地区出现大风的时间差异，讨论了地形对冷锋和沙尘暴运动的影响；利用非静力平衡中尺度数值预报模式MM5的导出量，通过宁夏精细化预报物理量分析子系统，计算、分析了这次过程中Q矢量、锋生函数及总温度的变化特征。结果表明：MM5数值模式输出产品与本次沙尘暴过程天气实况有较好的对应关系及预报指示意义。     

MM5模式显式微物理方案的对比分析

介绍了MM5中的显式云物理方案，详细分析了Goddard,Reisner和Schultz方案的物理过程特点和存在的不足。这些云物理方案的多个微物理过程的描述不是很合理，对粒子的自动转化过程都采用阚值，且对雪、霰和雨的数浓度只进行诊断计算。Reisner方案的物理过程相对全面，预报量也较多，但仍存在一定的不足。通过对1992年Andrew台风个例的模拟，发现尽管Reisner方案的物理过程比Goddard和Schultz方案全面，但模拟的台风眼最低气压和地面最大风速并没有优势。所以单一物理过程描述的改善不一定立即带来模式预报成效的提高，因为预报能力取决于整个模式系统的科技水平以及各子程序之间的匹配。     

突发性暴雨中尺度分离对比分析

应用3种不同的中尺度分离方法对陕西中南部一次突发性暴雨资料进行中尺度分离，结果表明：3种方法都能从高空常规测站资料中分离出200km以上的中尺度系统，选择滤波方法对低层中尺度系统分离效果较好，站点滤波方法简单易行，中层分离效果较佳，9点滤波方法中低层均适用，所滤得的中尺度辐合系统处于暴雨区上游。     

Comparison of Two Empirical Models for Gully-Specific Debris Flow Hazard Assessment in Xiaojiang Valley of Southwestern China

Two sets of empirical models for debris flow hazard assessment on gully-specific scale are presented herein, which may be the first step toward developing a formalized procedure for debris flow hazard assessment. Emphasis is put on comparison of the two models between Multiple Factor Composite Assessment Model (MFCAM) and Multivariate Stepwise Regression Assessment Model (MSRAM). From the aspects of data acquisition and model construct, this paper shows the advantages and limitations of two models. From the assessment results, two models are still of uncertainty. Fundamental researches of debris flow hazard, especially the relationship between debris flow magnitude and its frequency of occurrence should be given a priority in future study.     

契比雪夫投影的研究

根据等角投影理论,推导出了契比雪夫投影公式的具体形式,并对契比雪夫投影在制作中国全图的应用和变形与等角方位投影、等角圆锥投影进行了比较分析.结果表明,契比雪夫投影要优于等角方位投影和等角圆锥投影.     

地温空调回灌水对地下水的影响

地温空调是一种新型节能空调设备,在消耗少量地下水资源的情况下,通过先进的设备,将地下不易利用的低品位能量开发利用,使其变为可利用的高品位能量,以满足室内冬季取暖、夏季降温的需要.本文通过水质化验对比,提出地温空调回灌水对地下水影响的一点看法.     

火山岩吸附CO_2气的成藏潜力及实例分析

火山岩的脱气实验和对昌德东CO2气藏气源的分析结果表明:加热火山岩到250℃时,脱出挥发分总量为0.0299～0.0790mL/g,其中CO2脱出量为0.0218～0.0706mL/g(0.429～1.387wt%);挥发组分以CO2为主,还含有H2、CO、CH4等还原性气体,以及少量低碳烷烃,CO2含量和总烃呈现反比关系;基性岩的CO2脱出量、脱出率高于中、酸性岩;CO2脱出量与岩石碱质含量正相关。松辽盆地北部昌德东CO2气藏成藏模式为“自生自储”,成藏CO2气主要来自深部被火山岩吸附的气。随岩浆上升,在岩浆冷凝成火山岩的过程中被吸附于火山岩的节理、劈理和晶体位错之中的CO2气,连同火山岩包体中的残留气,成为高纯CO2气藏的主要补给源,并非地幔气体沿大断裂上来直接充注成藏。     

美国大都市旅游带的生长机理及其启示

以纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥为核心的美国三大都市旅游带,是伴随着美国城市化的形成而出现的。在美国三大都市旅游带的发展进程中,城市郊区化起了积极的联结与推进作用。某种意义上说,是郊区化的出现导致了多中心城市空间结构的形成和巨型城市带的兴起,进而促进了大都市旅游带的形成。比较美国三大都市旅游带与我国沿海大都市旅游带的发展,美国作为城市化高度发达国家,在城市化的进程中,城市空间规模的扩张、城市数量的增多和城市经济规模的扩大,推动了都市旅游带的发展。美国都市旅游带的生成特征与生长机理对我国沿海都市旅游带发展具有一定的启示。     

Deflation rates of different clastic sediments in the arid regions of China

By wind tunnel experiment, we studied the deflation rates of 8 different clastic sediments in the arid regions of China, discussed the sources of aeolian sand and their influence on the development of sand dunes and formation of sand deserts from the view of dynamics of wind erosion. The average deflation rates of 8 typical clastic sediments in the arid regions of China can be arranged in the order of lacustrine sand > alluvial sand > weathered sandstone and shale > pluvial sediments > fluvioglacial sand > weathered granite > slope deposit > glacial sediments. The deflation rates exhibited strong positive correlations with the erodible particle (0.063–2mm) content and sorting features. In contrast, the deflation rates had obvious negative correlations with the contents of silt clay (<0.063 mm) and gravel (>2 mm). According to the deflation rates, the 8 typical clastic sediments can be divided into four categories: (1) lacustrine and alluvial sand, which are readily prone to wind erosion, assumed to be the main source of aeolian sand; (2) weathered sandstone and shale, pluvial sediments and fluvioglacial sand with considerable deflation rates, might be the secondary source of aeolian sand; (3) weathered granite and slope deposit having the lower deflation rates, could supply a little aeolian sand; and (4) glacial sediments with a strong anti-erodibility, could hardly offer any aeolian sand. In addition to the strong wind conditions, the exposure of extensive lacustrine sand induced by the desiccation of inland lake basin, as well as the pre-sorting of clastic sediments by flowing water should be the key factors influencing the development of sand deserts in China. The possible reason the sand deserts in China being mostly distributed around the inland lake basins and along riverbanks could be better understood through sand source analysis.