耗氧速率(OUR)测量方法的实验研究

目前多采用分批实验法和呼吸测量仪测量耗氧速率,而耗氧速率的测量对于研究活性污泥数学模型中的动力学参数及废水特性鉴定具有重要意义。本文根据OUR测量方法的基本原理设计了1种简易的OUR测量装置,为检验测量装置的有效性,设计了相关实验进行验证。在内源呼吸实验中,测定了所用活性污泥的内源呼吸速率是5.1mgO2/L·h,污泥的衰减系数是0.0137h-1,比文献值略高。基质降解实验对人工配水(葡萄糖和淀粉)的耗氧速率进行了测定,实验结果显示有3个显著不同的耗氧速率,分别为35mg/L·h,13mg/L·h,6mg/L·h,它们各代表葡萄糖降解、淀粉降解和内源呼吸的速率。内源呼吸速率高于前1个实验是由于基质降解过程中污泥量增加所致。并计算出异养菌产率系数Kd为0.63mgVSS/mgCOD,Kd略低于文献值。实验结果证明,该装置能很好的实现测量目的。     

光催化降解乐果的动力学研究

采用30 W石英紫外灯作为光源,研究了乐果在二氧化钛悬浮体系中光催化降解反应的动力学规律。考察了乐果起始浓度、TiO2用量、溶液pH值及温度对乐果光催化降解速率的影响,结果表明,乐果光催化降解符合表观零级动力学规律。由于速率常数k与乐果起始浓度有关,表明乐果光催化降解反应不是一个简单的零级反应。     

A study on the adsorption of chromium on laterite from Guizhou Province,China

The adsorption behaviors of Cr(VI) on laterite from Guizhou Province were studied in this paper, and the adsorption mechanism was discussed as well. Results showed that different mineral compositions in the laterite would cause differences in the capacity of laterite to absorb Cr(VI). Gibbsite, iron oxide minerals and non-crystalloids are the main contributors to enhancing the capacity of laterite to absorb Cr(VI). The pH of the solution is an important factor affecting the adsorption of Cr(VI) on laterite. Acidic environment (pH=2–5) is favorable to the adsorption of Cr(VI). The amount of adsorbed Cr(VI) decreases with increasing pH of the solution. With increasing initial concentrations of Cr(VI), the amount of adsorbed Cr(VI) increases first, and then decreases. The optimal adsorption concentration of Cr(VI) on laterite is 250 μg/mL. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on laterite is a rapid process, about 80% Cr(VI) will be adsorbed within 2 hours. And the adsorption of Cr(VI) on kaolinite is a slow process.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界烃源岩生烃动力学参数研究

根据封闭体系黄金管热模拟实验结果,应用Kinetics专用软件,研究了塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生界不同类型烃源岩的生烃特征与动力学参数。库车坳陷侏罗系煤、碳质泥岩、泥岩及三叠系湖相泥岩具有各自的活化能分布和频率因子,揭示出其生烃行为的差异性。利用GOR-IsotopeKinetics软件,推导了库车坳陷侏罗系煤、泥岩和三叠系湖相泥岩3类烃源岩的碳同位素动力学参数。上述参数的获取,为盆地模拟、烃源岩评价、生烃量计算及资源量预测提供了重要的基础地球化学数据。      

准噶尔盆地陆东-五彩湾石炭系烃源岩特征及生烃动力学研究

准噶尔盆地陆东-五彩湾地区石炭系具有良好的勘探前景,该地区石炭系烃源岩有机质丰度较高,成熟度范围宽,主要处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段,主要由Ⅲ型有机质组成。在对烃源岩样品进行常规评价的基础上,用开放体系进行了热解实验和动力学模拟,对陆东-五彩湾地区的生烃特征进行了研究,尝试了高成熟烃源岩生烃过程研究及Ⅲ型干酪根液态烃排烃时间的估计,并对石炭系地层产烃率进行了计算。结果显示,陆东-五彩湾地区石炭系最早在二叠纪（距今264 Ma左右）开始生烃,后期由于地层抬升,在古近纪早期（距今61 Ma左右）结束生烃。下石炭统产烃率大,液态烃排出时间估计在距今232~196 Ma之间;上石炭统产烃率较小,液态烃排出时间估计在距今196~178 Ma 之间,但天然气生成相对较晚,有利于天然气的保存。天然气可能主要来源于上石炭统烃源岩。     

A simulation experimental study on oxidative kinetics of sphalerite under hypergene condition

The sphalerite oxidative kinetics under hypergene condition was simulated and studied by means of a mixed flow reactor over a pH range of 1.0 7.8,and at dissolution temperatures from 20 to 55℃,ferric ion concentrations from 1.0×10-5 to 1.0×10-2 mol/L,O 2 flux of 0.5 L/min,and oxidants of ferric ion and O 2.It is indicated that with ferric ion as oxidant,the oxidation rate of sphalerite increases with increasing ferric ion concentration,temperature and decreasing pH value,and under the studied conditions,the dissolution rates of Zn and Cd are approximately identical,with the values of activation energy being 41.75 and 42.51 kJ·mol-1,respectively,suggesting that the oxidation rate of sphalerite is controlled by chemical reactions on mineral surface.However,with O 2 as oxidant,the oxidation mechanism of sphalerite varies with pH value.Oxidation rate decreases with increasing pH value when pH is lower than 5.95,whereas the increase of pH value results in an increase in oxidation rate when pH value is higher than 7.The oxidation rate of sphalerite can be expressed as:R Zn =10 1.1663 [Fe3+] 0 0.154 ·[H+] 0.2659 ·e-41.75/RT or R Cd =10 1.7292 [Fe3+] 0 0.170 ·[H+] 0.2637 ·e-42.51/RT     

β-环糊精交联聚合物对氯苯的吸附特性

通过对水中含有微量氯苯的吸附特性研究,考察β-环糊精交联聚合物吸附氯苯的动力学、热力学及连续运行条件下的稳定性和再生性能。实验结果表明:β-环糊精交联聚合物吸附氯苯的过程符合准二级动力学模型,即化学吸附是吸附过程的控制步骤;β-环糊精交联聚合物上的等温吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。在15、25、35℃时最大吸附量分别为23.36、28.17、27.85mg/g;动态模拟实验中,当氯苯质量浓度为10mg/L时,氯苯的去除率大于80%。乙醇作为溶剂可以使吸附饱和的β-环糊精交联聚合物再生。     

Acid leaching of ash and coal: Time dependence and trace element occurrences

The leaching of coal and coal/asphaltite/wood-ashes in sulfuric acid (pH 1.0, 25 °C, S/L, 1:10) was studied as a function of time; acid consumption and extracted metal concentrations are presented. Whole coals consumed acid rapidly during the first few minutes, followed by slow acid consumption. Wood-, lignite-, and asphaltite-ashes consumed acid in two stages, the rapid phase extending < 30 min and the slow phase extended up to 10 days. The rapid phase was dominated by the dissolution of Ca, K and Mg ions for wood-ash, by Ca, Al and Mg ions for lignite-ash and Ca and Mg ions for asphaltite-ash. The sulfur concentration in solution and the concentrations of Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Al and Mn in the aqueous phase verified the neutralizing capacity of the untreated ashes as well as the formation of insoluble sulfates in the residues. The slow phase kinetics differed for different fuels and exhibited leaching of several abundant elements—Fe, Al, K, Na and Mn. Trace elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Th, U, V, Zn) sometimes required up to 32 h for maximal extraction from ashes. Suggestions are presented regarding the chemical nature of trace elements in the untreated coals and ashes and suitable residence times for economical industrial processes. We think it possible to combine bacteriological oxidation of sulfidic concentrates of acid leaching from ash of various qualities or even whole coals.     

煤生烃动力学研究进展

化学反应动力学是评价煤的生烃过程和生烃特性行之有效的方法。目前,煤生烃动力学模型理论研究和标定得到了不断的深化,煤生烃动力学研究在认识煤源岩成烃规律方面也有长足发展,并在煤源岩评价中初见成效。但是在压力条件下,关于生烃动力学在煤源岩定量和动态评价方面的研究则报道较少。另外,对单体化合物形成动力学的研究还处于探索之中。这些研究将代表煤源岩生烃动力学领域未来发展的重要方向。      

阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附影响研究

为了解阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附特性,通过静态吸附实验,研究了吸附时间、pH值、温度和铀初始浓度等因素对模拟含铀水中U(VI)去除率的影响,并从热力学和动力学方面对吸附过程进行了分析。结果表明,在T=25℃,溶液初始pH=7,接触时间为16 h时,悬浮物对铀的平衡吸附率最佳,为95.48%。随着铀初始浓度的增加,吸附量增加,但吸附率随之下降,升高温度有利于铀的吸附。铀在悬浮物上的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,说明悬浮物对铀为单分子层吸附,且化学吸附占主导地位。吸附动力学过程可用准二级吸附动力学模型描述,表明吸附主要受动力学控制,由两个以上步骤共同控制。FTIR和EDS分析结果表明,吸附过程中铀主要与悬浮物表面活性基团螯合并以表面络合吸附为主。吸附前后的能谱对比分析表明,吸附过程中存在离子交换行为。因此,悬浮物对铀的吸附机理是以表面络合吸附和离子交换为主、物理吸附为辅的混合吸附过程。