Further examples of ventifacts and unusual patterned ground from the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic

Abstract Examples of ventifacts and forms of unusual patterned ground that differ in situation, characteristics and/or origin to types reported previously are described from the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic. The ventifacts, represented by clasts projecting from an eroding tillite shore platform, have been grooved by the passage of windblown sand. The patterned ground forms comprise stone polygons on clay loam regolith, stone polygons on peat, peat‐filled desiccation cracks on peat, and clusters of on‐edge clasts (stone packings) on a gravel beach. Aeolian transport of particles is considered responsible for the infill of the polygonal cracks. The clusters of on‐edge clasts are thought to have developed as a result of wave action, in particular backwash and/or undertow. Although these features occupy small surface areas they provide useful information about local geomorphic processes and testify to the marked diversity of such features in nature.     

Personal experience with climate change predicts intentions to act

The public's willingness to engage in mitigation actions has not received as much attention as the level of belief in Global Warming (GW), especially on the international stage. Research in Western nations indicates that people systematically misunderstand GW and the actions required for mitigation. Important factors that influence judgments about mitigation actions include personal experiences, beliefs, knowledge, values, and worldviews. We present results of an international survey (25 samples from 24 countries) measuring general intentions to act and willingness to engage in specific actions. Our analysis reveals that endorsement of specific actions is (a) lower than general endorsement of mitigation, (b) accompanied by higher intra-individual variance, and (c) more strongly related to personal experiences with GW. This pattern can be attributed to the compatibility between the proximal construal of specific actions and the nature of the personal experience. Lastly we provide recommendations on how these findings can be used to encourage mitigation action.     

Local collective action: Adaptation to coastal erosion in the Monkey River Village,Belize

Successful adaptation to environmental change and variability is closely connected with social groups’ ability to act collectively, but many social-ecological challenges exceed local adaptive capacity which necessitate assistance from governmental institutions. Few studies have investigated how local collective action can be used to enrol external support for adaptation. This paper reduces this research gap by analysing a locally driven adaptation process in response to coastal erosion in Monkey River Village, Belize. Drawing on literature on adaptation and political ecology, we examine the different strategies the local residents have used over time to influence government authorities to support them in curbing the coastal erosion. Our findings show that the local mobilisation generated government support for a temporary sea defence and that collective strategies emerge as a response to threats to a place specific way of life. Our case illustrates that it was essential that the villagers could ally with journalists, researchers and local NGOs to make their claims for protection heard by the government. The paper contributes to adaptation research by arguing that local collective action, seen as contestation over rights to protection from environmental change, can be a means for places and communities not prioritised by formal policies to enrol external support for adaptation. Our study supports and adds to the perspective that attention to formal arrangements such as adaptation policy alone has limited explanatory power to understand collective responses to change.     

基于水库调蓄的黄河干流水体交换时间研究(英文)

This note analyzes the change in water renewal time characteristics based on res-ervoir action and then establishes calculation models for the water renewal time in the Yellow River mainstream. The results indicate that the amount of renewable water with reservoir action can meet the annual water demand and that water flows naturally at the Lijin station near estuary. Initial storage dynamics is an important factor in water resource renewable capacity at a certain time, and rational reservoir action can promote sustainable water re-source utilization. When the initial storages in the Longyang Gorge reservoir are 9.343 and 5.343 billion m3, the water renewal times are 28 and 33.9 d, respectively. Flow stoppage ap-pears in April and May.     

积雪变化对中国森林凋落物分解影响研究进展

森林凋落物的分解对于维持生态系统物质循环和养分平衡具有重要意义,并受到不同积雪厚度下冻融格局的影响。冻融期（包括冻结过程期、完全冻结期、融化过程期）是冻土区凋落物分解的重要时期,该时期分解的凋落物量约占全年分解总量的一半。积雪减少通常会导致土壤温度降低、冻融循环次数增加,进而影响凋落物分解。通过综述近10年来积雪变化对我国森林凋落物分解影响的研究成果发现,积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常会抑制凋落物质量损失、碳元素释放和纤维素降解,生长季则起到促进作用,从全年来看多数表现为抑制作用。因此,冻融作用造成凋落物的物理破坏,对其分解的促进作用主要发生在后续生长季。积雪厚度减少在冻融期通常抑制氮元素释放,生长季和全年则无明显规律;磷元素和木质素目前研究还存在很大差异。最后,进一步阐述了积雪变化对凋落物分解影响研究存在的问题及未来研究发展方向。     

Territorializing land conflict: Space,place, and contentious politics in the Brazilian Amazon

Brazil possesses a long history of violent struggle for land, and its most recent phase is occurring predominantly in the Amazon Basin. Consequently, this paper attempts to territorialize land conflict in the Brazilian Amazon, and in so doing, to illuminate the place-specific intersection of historic social, political, and economic circumstance that created a violent landscape in the so-called “South of Pará.” The paper’s premise is that such conflict can be best viewed as resulting from a dialectic between general social processes operating across spatial scales, which create necessary conditions for conflict, and place-specific historical circumstances that transform necessary into sufficient conditions. The paper presents a framework integrating the theory of contentious politics and literatures addressing violence associated with the Amazonian frontier and with resource scarcity (and abundance). The discussion and theoretical application deconstruct the environmental, cognitive, and relational mechanisms that created violence in the South of Pará, and set the stage for the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre in April of 1996.     

耐久性设计下水土腐蚀性评价体系的一种解决方案

水土腐蚀性评价标准与混凝土结构耐久性设计的防护标准是相互作用,相互影响的。本文通过2个地下水实例,比较了桩基础和地下室底板在不同规范体系下水土腐蚀性评价标准和防护标准的差异。腐蚀环境越严重,混凝土结构耐久性设计差异越大,因此,有必要统一水土腐蚀性评价标准和混凝土结构耐久性设计的防护标准。针对SO42-和CL-腐蚀性评价差异较大的情况,本文给出了干湿交替作用及其强度的定义,提出了一种统一水土腐蚀性评价指标及其分级的建议方案。干湿交替作用是指在固体表面能够形成液相水与气相水交替转换或持续转换的一种现象,干湿交替作用强度定义为固体表面液态水的相对蒸发速率和固体表层饱和度的乘积。     

循环脱吸湿与加卸载耦合作用下土体持水性能试验研究

土体所经历的干湿循环和应力历史,对其孔隙结构和持水性能影响明显。为进一步深入研究二者耦合作用的影响,开展了先竖向固结再循环脱吸湿以及先气压脱湿再反复竖向加卸载两种不同加载路径的水分变化测量试验,探索土样持水性能和变形能力的演化规律。研究结果表明:(1)脱湿与吸湿路径对比,土体的持水能力具有明显的差异性,且土体越密实,这种差异性越强烈;(2)随着脱吸湿循环次数的增加,土样的进气值略有增大,减湿段和吸湿段的斜率都会减小,但影响趋势随循环次数增多而减弱;(3)对于气压减湿后的非饱和土样,其前期固结压力随气压值增加而增大,而加卸载形成的滞回圈的面积却随之减小,土体的持水性能和变形能力也降低;(4)重塑土样从不同加载路径首次达到同一应力状态时,先固结再脱湿路径下土样的体积收缩更多,而先施加气压再加载路径下土样持水性能减弱的更多。     

Shell‐shape and morphometric variability in Mytilus galloprovincialis from micro‐tidal environments: responses to different hydrodynamic drivers

Tidal conditions differently influence inter‐tidal organisms in terms of general physiological and metabolic responses. In this study we investigated the morphological response in shells of Mytilus galloprovincialis native to different micro‐tidal coastal environments in the Northern Adriatic Sea. Our purpose was to highlight the ecophenotypic variability across tidal levels and to elucidate how tidal currents and waves produced by anthropogenic activities may play a part in modulating shell morphology. Three sampling sites were selected: an open‐sea area 15 km off‐shore and two sites within the lagoon of Venice, the first near one of its three inlets, and the other one in the proximity of Venice city centre. At each sampling site, organisms were seasonally collected at different depths within their vertical zonation, either in the inter‐tidal zone – i.e. at both the highest and lowest tide zonation limits, and subtidally. The mussel shells were analysed by investigation of their morphometric relationships (height/length and width/length ratios) and by elliptic Fourier analysis of the shell contours. Shell thickness and condition index were also evaluated for a better comprehension of energy allocation/partitioning. Estimates based on long‐term measurements, visual observation, wind statistics and wave growth laws allowed an evaluation of the forces acting on shells. At the open‐sea site, the observed phenotypic variability of both shell shape and thickness was clearly related to the tidal vertical zonation. At the two lagoon sites, the currents generated by tidal flow through the inlet and the waves caused by the frequent passage of boats influenced both shell shape and thickness. A trade‐off between protection and growth was apparent along the tide gradient, as emphasized by the differences in the partitioning and allocation of energy between shell and flesh production.     

不同剪切作用下水合物钻井液微观结构试验研究

在钻进水合物地层过程中,井壁附近水合物的分解和环空中水合物的分解与再形成,很可能会引起井壁失稳坍塌以及环空堵塞等复杂情况,从而影响钻井的顺利进行。在此过程中,由各组分相互作用形成的钻井液微观结构起到了至关重要的作用。但由于多组分钻井液的微观结构非常复杂,文中仅针对组分简单的水基聚合物钻井液(NaCl、CMC、PVPK90相互组合),考虑钻井液在井底钻头与环空处所受的不同剪切作用(分别为600r/min和6000r/min),结合冷冻干燥方法,利用扫描电子显微镜观测了这两种剪切作用后不同组分的水基聚合物钻井液相应的微观结构。结果表明,聚合物分子以网络骨架结构形式悬浮于钻井液中,一小部分水分子、无机盐离子等被吸附在聚合物骨架结构表面上,大部分水分子、无机盐离子等小分子物质游离于聚合物网络骨架孔隙中;对于环空中含水合物的岩屑,热量主要通过网络骨架结构的热传导与充填其中流体的对流导热而传递至岩屑表面,而后通过热传导进一步向岩屑内部传递;钻井液的微观结构随着剪切作用、浓度与组分的改变而发生变化,这就对上述的传热过程产生影响,进而对钻井液中水合物分解的传热特性产生影响。