The impact of land use change on quality evolution of soil genetic layers on the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay

Land use change plays an important part in the studies of global environmental change and regional sustainable development. The change of soil quality can particularly reflect the impacts of human socio-economic activities on environment. Taking the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay as a study case, we analyzed the effects of land use changes on organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), total salinity (TS), pH value in soil genetic layers, and assessed soil quality change related to different land use types from 1982 to 2003. The results show that: (1) The general change tendency of soil quality in the coastal plain of south Hangzhou Bay declined obviously in A layer and slightly rise in B (or P) layer and C (or W) layer. The contents of TP decreased generally in all soil genetic layers, but the variety difference of other soil quality indices was relatively great. (2) The change of soil quality in the areas where land use changed is far more remarkable than that with land use unchanged. The value of quality variety is A layer >B (or P) layer >C (or W) layer. (3) The changes of soil tillage, cultivation, fertilization, irrigation and drainage activities related to land use may make some soil-forming processes disappeared and bring in other new processes which will affect the soil quality and soil genetic layers directly.     

天津市海岸带环境的空间价值及其政策启示

运用政策选择实验的方法, 对天津市沿海地区居民的政策需求进行了实证分析, 定量地考察了海岸带环境 的价值及其在不同地区和不同属性居民之间呈现的空间差异, 对不同类型经济开发的空间影响强度, 及海岸带开 发、防灾减灾和生态环境保护政策的效果进行了比较分析。主要研究结论包括, ①工业开发明显降低了居民的效 用, 说明在目前的产业结构和增长方式下, 工业开发是以生态环境的破坏为代价的, 需要通过产业和环境政策的统 筹和协调来解决工业开发与环境承载力的矛盾。相反, 渔业开发仍然会带来正面的综合效益, 因此, 渔业作为天津 沿海地区未来发展的重点产业之一是适宜的。②塘沽和汉沽地区海岸带环境的价值具有明显的空间差异性。例如, 在塘沽区, 港湾开发和娱乐业的发展给居民带来负面影响, 而在汉沽区, 这些开发所带来的影响不显著。因此, 应该 根据不同地区的实际情况确定海岸带管理政策的重点和目标, 并实施差别化的生态环境补偿政策, 对产业开发格 局进行调控。③不同类型人群对于海岸带政策的敏感性存在差异, 因此有必要根据各类人群的空间集聚程度制定 有针对性的政策。上述研究结论为海岸带管理的定量决策, 如凝炼各地区海岸带规划的目标、制定产业开发的生态 补偿政策提供了一定的科学依据。     

Spatial variability and non-linearity of strong ground motion near a fault

We present observations of ground accelerations recorded at a small array close to the fault during the Düzce earthquake and its early aftershocks. The records show the strong spatial variability of ground acceleration over distances of only a few hundred metres. During the main shock, the peak horizontal acceleration values ranged from 0.3 to about 1.0 g at stations distant of 1.5 km only. We attribute this spatial variability to a fault zone site effect as peak ground acceleration steadily increases as the distance to the fault trace decreases. The spectral ratio between the ground motion recorded near the fault and the one outside the fault zone shows a shift of the spectral peak to lower frequencies with increasing peak accelerations. Such an observation suggests a non-linear behaviour of the fault zone due to the strong ground shaking. As much as a 45 per cent reduction in the shear wave velocity is necessary for the observed shifts. The opening of pre-existing cracks throughout the fault zone is the proposed mechanism to account for the observed shear wave reductions. The observation that elastic fault zone properties are soon recovered following episodes of large strains shows that cracks and fissures close rapidly after the strong shaking is over.     

黔西比德-三塘向斜煤层气藏特征及甜点区段

黔西比德-三塘向斜煤层气藏主要赋存于龙潭组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3个煤组中,其中Ⅰ煤组6#和7#煤层、Ⅱ煤组16#和17#煤层、Ⅲ煤组20#、23#、27#、30#煤层分布稳定。煤层埋深受向斜构造控制明显,比德次向斜近轴部地区可达1500 m;煤岩以高变质的瘦煤、贫煤和无烟煤为主,最大镜质体反射率自西向东、由北到南逐渐增大;煤岩对甲烷吸附能力普遍较高（兰氏体积,18.32~39.32 m3/t）,区域上受煤变质程度影响显著;原位埋深条件下,煤岩渗透率较低,煤层含气量整体较高,平均10~15.78 m3/t,含气饱和度普遍大于50%。结合该地区多层合采效果发现,比德次向斜埋深超过800 m的气井产气效果差,珠藏和三塘次向斜煤层气开发地质条件较好,其中珠藏向斜Ⅲ煤组4套主力煤层（煤层间距小于60 m）为潜在的高产优质储层。     

流动注射-光度法测定地质样品中痕量碘

利用I~-对4,4′-四甲基二氨基二苯甲烷(4,4′-TMB-DPM)与氯胺T反应的催化作用,建立了流动注射-分光光度测定地质样品中痕量碘的方法。采用不等流速合并带法,分析速度快、节省试剂、灵敏度高。与高温水解法释放I~-相结合,使样品处理简单、干扰离子少。对于含I~-10μg/L的水样,其RSD(n=19)为1.1％,检出限为0.3ng/ml。用于水系沉积物、土壤分析时,含碘1.6×10~(-6)的样品RSD(n=10)为6.1％,检出限为0.08×10~(-6)。测量速度50N/h。     

Fault type analysis along the San Andreas Fault zone: A numerical approach

Finite Element (FE) modeling under plane stress condition is used to analyze the fault type variation with depth along and around the San Andreas Fault (SAF) zone. In this simulation elastic rheology was used and was thought justifiable as the variation in depth from 0.5 km to 20 km was considered. Series of calculations were performed with the variation in domain properties. Three types of models were created based on simple geological map of California, namely, 1) single domain model considering whole California as one homogeneous domain, 2) three domains model including the North American plate, Pacific plate, and SAF zone as separate domains, and 3) Four domains model including the three above plus the Garlock Fault zone. Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and Byerlee's law were used for the calculation of failure state. All the models were driven by displacement boundary condition imposing the fixed North American plate and Pacific plate motion along N34°W vector up to the northern terminus of SAF and N50°E vector motion for the subducting the Gorda and Juan de Fuca plates. Our simulated results revealed that as the depth increased, the fault types were generally normal, and at shallow depth greater strike slip and some thrust faults were formed. It is concluded that SAF may be terminated as normal fault at depth although the surface expression is clearly strike slip.     

南海东北部洋陆过渡区域地震折射波衰减特征

地震波衰减研究是了解岩石圈构造特征的有效方法.本文基于OBS2016-2测线的海底地震仪(OBS)数据, 首次对南海东北部洋陆过渡区域地震波衰减特征进行研究, 通过正演模拟获得该区域二维纵波衰减(Q_P)结构.结果表明, 下陆坡的上地壳存在一个宽约40 km, 厚度约为4~5 km的高衰减区, 其特征为低纵波和横波速度(V_P为5.5~6.3 km·s^-1和V_S为3.1~3.6 km·s^-1)以及较低的波速比(V_P/V_S为1.72~1.80), 对应较低的Q_P(280~410), 推测与断裂发育有关, 且受到火山活动的影响.洋陆过渡及洋壳区域的上地壳高衰减区具有低Q_P(300~400)和高V_P/V_S(1.90~1.96)特征, 可能对应较多的断裂发育及流体运移.洋陆过渡区域下地壳高速异常体表现为相对低的Q_P(550~600), 对应较高的V_P(7.0~7.8 km·s^-1)和V_S(3.5~3.8 km·s^-1)以及较高的V_P/V_S(1.85~1.96), 推测与蛇纹石化作用有关.蛇纹石化可能进一步增加岩石的孔隙度并导致更多的流体运移, 使得洋陆过渡及洋壳区域存在较高的地震波衰减.Q_P结构有助于我们分析南海大陆边缘的地震波衰减特征, 结合V_P、V_S以及V_P/V_S, 可以更好地了解该区域地质结构和岩石属性, 对进一步挖掘OBS数据信息有重要参考价值.

     

海陆气候事件关联规则挖掘方法

近年来,异常气候事件的频发对人类的生活环境和经济发展带来严重负影响。气象学家研究表明：海洋气候异常对陆地气候异常事件的发生具有重要的诱发作用,因此,对海陆气候间的内在关联机制进行深入挖掘具有重要研究价值。本文提出了一种关联规则挖掘方法,以探索单一海洋气候指数与陆地异常气候事件间存在的关联。首先,针对陆地气候要素,采用顾及空间邻近关系的层次聚类方法进行有效气候分区,通过对各层分区结果进行相关统计分析得到有效的各区域气候序列;然后,进行顾及多重约束进行时序关联规则挖掘,以探索海陆气候要素间的关联机制;最后,通过实际算例分析得到的各气候指数与我国陆地区域异常降水事件间的关联机制结果,与实际情况高度吻合。     

郯庐断裂带中南段重磁特征与深部构造

郯庐断裂带是中国东部地球物理场的分界线。它在磁场上呈现出一条NNE向线性正磁异常带,它的重力场特征表现为规模较大的布格重力异常梯度带。在断裂带的两侧,其区域磁场、区域重力场无论是场值大小,还是异常规模以及各异常的展布形态等诸方面都具有明显的区别。地球物理特征揭示郯庐断裂带深部构造,为研究重点矿产分布规律及地震灾害预报具有重要的实际意义。