近60年中国日降水量分区及气候特征

根据中国国家级地面气象站均一化降水数据集,使用1956~2015年512个台站的日降水量资料,通过旋转经验正交函数（REOF）得到七个分区。比较了各分区平均日降水量的年内变化和多年倾向率差异:我国偏南分区的小雨日数减少,大雨、暴雨日数、日降水量的区域年均值增加;偏北分区的小雨、大雨、暴雨日数、降水量年均值为递减;长江中下游区（东北区）日降水量、小雨日数、暴雨日数的年均值的近60年倾向率分别是0.0071 mm a-1（-0.0010 mm a-1）、-0.0729 d a-1（-0.0615 d a-1）、0.0132 d a-1（-0.0007 d a-1）。100°E以西地区:小雨、中雨日数在增加,无雨日数显著减少,日降水量的年均值呈递增特点。通过自相关函数和小波功率谱估计,揭示了七个分区的日降水量年均值普遍存在2~4 a周期震荡。使用NCEP/NCAR月均再分析资料,以区域日降水量年均值为指数得到500 hPa、700 hPa、850 hPa回归风系数场、旱涝年整场水汽通量和水汽通量散度差异场相结合分析,结果表明:"东高西低,南高北低"环流型和区域降水有密切关系,水汽差异场是上述环流特点的反映。     

中国降水的季节性

本文使用一套基于中国气象局所属的2416个台站数据所得的高分辨降水资料,对1961~2013年中国降水季节性进行了研究。就全国平均而言,各季节降水占全年降水百分率最高的为夏季（56.5%）,春季（19.3%）和秋季（18.9%）次之,冬季（5.3%）最少;针对不同地区,各季节降水百分率存在很大差异,例如华南春季降水最多、东北至高原一线秋季降水大于春季降水。春、夏两季降水百分率高值（低值）区域略呈现出降水百分率减少（增多）趋势,秋季整体上略微减少,冬季则显著增加;季节降水百分率的变率整体表现为夏季大而冬季小,其西部的变率与地形为显著负相关,东部变率的大值区位置随季节变化;秋冬两季的降水百分率变率有显著增加,各季节不同地区变率的变化趋势存在明显差异。     

Verification of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model when Forecasting Daily Surface Conditions in Southern Alberta

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was compared with daily surface observations to verify the accuracy of the WRF model in forecasting surface temperature, pressure, precipitation, wind speed, and direction. Daily forecasts for the following two days were produced at nine locations across southern Alberta, Canada. Model output was verified using station observations to determine the differences in forecast accuracy for each season.

Although there were seasonal differences in the WRF model, the summer season forecasts generally had the greatest accuracy, determined by the lowest root mean square errors, whereas the winter season forecasts were the least accurate. The WRF model generally produced skillful forecasts throughout the year although with a smaller diurnal temperature range than observed. The WRF model forecast the prevailing wind direction more accurately than other directions, but it tended to slightly overestimate precipitation amounts. A sensitivity analysis consisting of three microphysics schemes showed relatively minor differences between simulated precipitation as well as 2?m surface temperatures.     

Evaluating the Ability of CRCM5 to Simulate Mixed Precipitation

Precipitation episodes in the form of freezing rain and ice pellets represent natural hazards affecting eastern Canada during the cold season. These types of precipitation mainly occur in the St. Lawrence River valley and the Atlantic provinces of Canada. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5), using a 0.11° horizontal grid mesh, to hindcast mixed precipitation when driven by reanalyses produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ERA-Interim) for a 35-year period. In general, the CRCM5 simulation slightly overestimates the occurrence of freezing rain, but the geographical distribution is well reproduced. The duration of freezing rain events and accompanying surface winds in the Montréal region are reproduced by CRCM5. A case study is performed for an especially catastrophic freezing-rain event in January 1998; the model succeeds in simulating the intensity and duration of the episode, as well as the propitious meteorological environment. Overall, the model is also able to reproduce the climatology and a specific event of freezing rain and ice pellets.     

气象卫星的云观测

云体现着不同尺度天气系统发生、发展和消亡的过程。云还通过反射太阳辐射和阻止地球发射辐射,维持着全球能量平衡。1960年气象卫星的出现,揭开了从浩瀚太空,俯视千变万化云系的历史。气象卫星云图的获取,加深了人们对天气、气候变化过程的认识,推进了大气科学的发展。本文围绕气象卫星云遥感主题,首先概述了利用卫星资料开展云检测、云相态识别、云光学厚度与等效粒子半径反演的原理和方法。而后,着重介绍了各类天气尺度和中尺度天气过程的云系特征。最后,文章回顾了国际卫星云气候方面的工作,展望了未来云观测技术的发展前景。     

2016年中国气候主要特征及主要天气气候事件

2016年,全国气候异常,极端天气气候事件多,暴雨洪涝、台风和风雹等气象灾害较突出,气候年景差。全国平均气温较常年偏高0.8℃,为1951年以来第三高;四季气温均偏高,其中,夏季气温为1961年以来同期最高。四季降水量均偏多,冬、秋季分别为1961年以来同期最多。全国平均年降水量730.0 mm,较常年偏多16%,为1951年以来最多。华南前汛期和西南雨季开始早;入梅早、出梅晚,梅雨期长,雨量多;华北雨季短,雨量多;华西秋雨短,雨量少。2016年,全国暴雨过程多,南北洪涝并发。登陆台风数量多、平均强度强。强对流天气多,损失偏重,北方风雹灾害突出。气温波动大,夏季高温影响范围广。秋、冬京津冀及周边地区霾天气频繁。其他灾害如干旱、低温冷冻害、雪灾和春季沙尘影响均偏轻。     

一次冰雹天气过程的多源资料观测分析

利用地基微波辐射计、风廓线雷达和雨滴谱仪等观测资料,对2015年4月28日发生在南京的一次冰雹天气进行了分析,探讨新型探测资料在冰雹监测预警中的应用。结果表明:(1)华北冷涡后部冷空气南下,与低层暖湿气流交汇,是产生这次冰雹的天气背景;高空冷平流叠加在低层暖湿气流之上,使得对流层中低层形成不稳定层结;地面辐合中心及辐合线是降雹的触发机制。(2)微波辐射计监测显示,降雹期间冰雹云中上升气流将底层空气的感热和潜热向上输送,导致2 km以上大气有明显升温,由于低层水汽聚集及冰雹在近地层融化造成降雹时近地层相对湿度、水汽密度增大。冰雹发生在云液态水含量快速增长的波峰上,对冰雹的发生具有较好指示意义。(3)对比南京3站风廓线雷达资料表明各站上空环境风场存在一定差异,六合地区降雹前6 km高度高空急流有利于六合上空形成有利的辐散形势,降雹时0~6 km存在较深厚的垂直风切变,配合地面中尺度低压,降雹最为强烈;南京站降雹时,对流层中下层有一槽过境,而高淳地区冰雹由近地面垂直风切变激发。(4)六合站、高淳站雨滴谱仪分析表明不同降水相态对应的滴谱特征有差异,两站雨滴谱型分别呈指数型、多峰型分布。高淳站雨滴谱仪监测到直径达到15 mm的冰雹粒子,六合站冰雹直径最大为5 mm。两站速度谱大致为单峰型,在较强降水时刻,粒子下落峰值速度在3~4 m·~(-1)。(5)影响六合的超级单体存在钩状回波、回波悬垂、三体散射等雷达回波中尺度特征,地面中尺度低压系统、中低层的中气旋及高层的辐散环流配置造成了雹云中维持较强的旋转上升气流,有利于出现大冰雹。     

半自动机载LiDAR点云建筑物三维重建方法

针对全自动建筑物3D重建存在需要后续人工检验,且发现重建错误需要花费额外时间修改的问题,提出了一种半自动的面向对象的机载LiDAR点云建筑物3D重建方法。基于建筑物类别点云的联通分析和平面生长分割结果,提出了自动的建筑物栋数检测、单栋建筑物外轮廓提取、单栋建筑物内部结构线提取方法;同时,在计算机无法完成部分工作时,人工辅助计算机完成高程阶越线提取、识别建筑物屋顶附属物点云等工作。实验证明,该方法可以适用于高密度机载LiDAR点云数据中城区大部分建筑物的3D模型重建。     

中国华北地区冬季降水异常特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系

利用1951—2012年中国冬季160站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA海温资料,分析了中国华北地区冬季降水的异常变化特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系。结果表明:华北地区冬季降水主要呈现为全区一致变化的特征,且年际变率较大,具有2~4 a的年际变化周期。降水异常偏多(少)年,西伯利亚高压偏弱(强),阿留申低压偏弱(强),850 h Pa上华北地区盛行的西北风较弱(强),控制该地区的东亚冬季风偏弱(强),该地区有偏南(北)风距平,500 h Pa上东亚槽脊系统偏弱(强)。影响华北地区冬季降水的异常水汽主要来源于南海及其以东的西太平洋。前期夏季日本以东的西风漂流区、同期冬季近海的黄渤海区域的海温均与中国华北地区冬季降水存在显著的正相关关系。     

Regionalization and susceptibility assessment to daily precipitation extremes in mainland Portugal

The present study aims to identify regions of extreme precipitation in mainland Portugal and to create a single index of extreme precipitation susceptibility (EPSI). For this purpose, twelve extreme precipitation indices were selected from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices between 1950 and 2003. By considering only six extreme precipitation indices: R×1day, R×5day, SDII, R20, CWD and R95PTOT for the 10-year return period, between 1950 and 2003, the EPSI was developed to both annual data and meteorological season. The regionalization of extreme precipitation in Portugal were determined using a principal component analysis in T-mode. The results, show three spatial regions obtained from PCA. The three regions were analyzed separate. In the annual EPSI, the highest susceptibility areas are the mountainous regions in northern (e.g. Gerês, Peneda, Alvão, Marão and Montesinho) and central Portugal (e.g. Serra da Estrela), as well as in the Algarve (southern Portugal). Conversely, the lower susceptibility classes are in municipalities of the northeast, Alentejo and along the central-western coast. The results of EPSI show similar results in autumn and winter. In spring, however, the high susceptibility class increases in the Lisbon region and in the Sado Basin. In summer, there is an increase in susceptibility in the northeast, while susceptibility is low over much of Alentejo and Algarve, where precipitation is neglectful. This work presents a first attempt to implement this type of index for mainland Portugal. The first results are very promising, showing a consistent representation of the overall spatial distribution of extreme precipitation susceptibility. The combination of this information by municipalities can be of foremost relevance to civil protection and risk management.