Isotopic variations in precipitation at Bangkok and their climatological significance

The stable isotopic composition of precipitation from low to mid latitudes contains information about changes of some climatic factors, such as temperature, precipitation and atmospheric circulation patterns. However, the isotopic variations in the area are very complicated because of the combined influences of these factors. Proper interpretation of the patterns of isotopic variations for palaeoclimate reconstructions in this area requires a detailed understanding of these complex stable isotope controls. The isotopic data (δ¹⁸O and δ²D) in precipitation at the International Atomic Energy Agency–World Meteorological Organization Bangkok station were collected and analysed because of the relatively long and unbroken isotopic records and the particular geographical location. The isotopic variations at Bangkok have strong seasonal patterns owing to distinct source regions in different seasons. In summer, the remote sources of water there can influence the δ¹⁸O values significantly, which is verified by the simple Rayleigh model. In winter, the mixing of isotopically distinct air masses with different origins, i.e. the continental and oceanic air masses, accounts for the isotopic variations. In the transition periods of the Asia–Australia monsoon, namely in May and October, the local vapour contribution may play a role in the isotopic ratios. On the interannual time‐scale, the influences of El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) on isotopic composition are examined. The indications are that both the ENSO and IOD indices have a significant correlation with the δ¹⁸O ratios, and that the δ¹⁸O ratio in summer rains is significantly more enriched (depleted) during the warm (cold) phase of ENSO/IOD events. All the results suggest that it is useful for us in understanding the water cycling process and may be helpful in palaeoclimate reconstruction in this monsoon region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新旧气候态的差异及其对江西气候业务的影响

利用1961—2022年江西74个气象站平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、降水量、相对湿度、平均风速和日照时数资料,对比分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下气象要素差异,探讨气候平均值改变对气候影响评价和预测业务的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,江西省三类气温的年和季节平均值均上升,年降水量总体增加将弱化气温偏高、降水偏多的变化特征。年和季节平均风速距平山区减小而平原地区增大;年日照时数距平总体增加。极端高温年份减少,极端低温年份增多,其中平均气温和最低气温的极端高（低）温年发生概率的降幅（增幅）比最高气温更大。极端强降水年发生概率在赣西北、赣中大部、赣南西北部等地区夏季减少,赣南中南部地区冬季增大。全省历年极端日高温、低温和强降水事件发生站次总体减少。新、旧气候态的更替会对气候业务产生影响,如冬季气温偏冷的年份增加,偏暖的年份减少,需对冷、暖冬事件进行重新评估,夏季降水增多的变化特征减弱,将导致夏季降水预测量级和趋势发生改变。     

Greenhouse gases mitigation against climate change: United States-Mexico border study case

Solar radiation is one of the most important energy resources of our planet. The interest in its use as a renewable and clean energy to mitigate the greenhouse gases (GHG) effects has increased significantly. This paper evaluates the measurements of global solar radiation and its energy potential and presents a comparison between both of them, as an example of the effort to reduce GHG emissions. The measurements were made with pyranometers installed in the city of Mexicali, Baja California, located in northwestern Mexico, and the city of Yuma, Arizona, located in the southwestern United States. Separated by a distance of 96 km, both cities have a sustained development and are climatically similar, since they present numerous sunny days, extreme hot temperatures and little precipitation. The results presented show differences in their behavior and in the solar radiation measurement values, especially for the critical spring and summer seasons, with values 15.73% (0.042 kW/m²) higher in Mexicali with respect to Yuma. Energy power is estimated, and it is discussed with some variables as global solar radiation, rainfall, air temperature, relative humidity and climatology of clear, partly cloudy, and cloudy days. With this estimation, the solar energy used and GHG avoided is projected for Mexicali. It is assessed that 291 tons of GHG are prevented. The Mexicali values of potential energy are higher than those of Yuma; therefore, this solar and energy comparative study provides reasons to develop these technologies in Mexico, but solar technologies should be deployed also in Yuma. The measured data at the regional level demonstrate their importance, and the relevance of the proposed mitigation strategy for climate change.     

2013年梅雨监测及近50年江西梅雨气候特征

利用1959—2013年江西梅雨监测区37站降水量、气温资料和500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压脊线日平均位置资料,根据《梅雨监测业务规定》的相关指标,对2013年江西梅雨进行监测,并采用EOF等方法分析江西梅雨气候特征。结果表明:1)江西于2013年5月25日正式入梅,于6月29日结束,梅雨期总雨量为420.9 mm,梅雨强度为0.58。2)江西梅雨的时空变化特征是北部地区梅雨量的全区一致型分布占总方差的77.8%,将江西北部地区作为一个整体来分析其梅雨量的时空变化特征是合理的。3)江西气候平均入梅日为6月8日,出梅日为7月1日,梅雨季长度为23 d,梅雨量为352.7 mm,梅雨强度为-0.18。入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨季长度和梅雨强度与梅雨量特征量之间存在显著的相关关系,入梅越早,出梅越晚,梅雨期长度越长,梅雨强度越强,梅雨量就越大。4)梅雨各特征量存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征,5个梅雨特征量具有相同的2—3 a周期变化,另外还主要存在6—8 a、13—15 a和21—23 a周期变化,但各参数在1959—2013年的不同时段具有不同的显著性。     

北京相当暴雨日数的气候特征

根据北京99年6～8月的逐日降水资料和274年6～8月总降水量资料， 分析了相当暴雨日数与总降水量及旱涝等级的相关性，给出相当暴雨日数与总降 水量的定量关系式，建立了北京274年汛期相当暴雨日数资料序列。分析表明: 相当暴雨日数概念的引入，可以把汛期总降水量中暴雨过程降水与非暴雨过程降 水分开，证实汛期旱涝变化只取决于暴雨过程的总次数和强度；相当暴雨日数是 一个气候统计量，有与总降水量一致的周期变化，但其年际变率和3.5年周期比 总降水量更显著，其概率分布满足泊松分布；与旱涝等级比较，相当暴雨日数与 总降水量的相关性更好，且有利于研究形成汛期旱涝灾害的暴雨过程特征。     

三明市竹类布局气候区划

分析竹类 (散生竹、丛生竹 )生长的气候条件 ,确定三明市竹类布局的气候区划指标为年极端最低气温 ,根据气象站资料建立其空间分布模式 ,利用地理信息系统和Arcview软件制作分布图 ,按冬季冻害条件进行分区 ,并提出趋利避冻措施。     

西藏30年温度变化的气候特征

用西藏１８个站１９６１－１９９０年历年各月平均温度资料，将西藏划分为３个区域，分析了３０年温度变化的特征。结果表明，各地年平均气温及冬季平均气温变化有较好的一致性。６０年代平均气温最低，８０年代最高。夏季温度变化各地不尽相同。气温异常暖在全年各季都可能发生，而异常冷则非常少见。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDIES ON SHORT-RANGE CLIMATIC VARIATION

Several global and regional climatic models(including atmosphere models, ocean models and coupledatmosphere-ocean models)are improved and developed to simulate the predictability of short-range(i.e.monthly,sea-sonal,interannual)climate variability,based on the understanding of global and regional climatic characteristics andprocesses,and according to the theorem of climatological dynamics.The results of numerical experiment show that someare very encouraging,some others reveal problems existed.However,the model and data are being more and more ad-vanced.     

1965—2017年河源市降水的气候特征分析

利用1965—2017年河源国家气象观测站的逐日降水资料,采用数理分析等方法,分析了河源市降水特征及其变化规律。结果表明:近53年河源市的年平均降水量随着时间序列以1.6mm/年的速率减少,年降水量主要集中在汛期,除后汛期降水量以0.6mm/年的速率增加外,汛期、前汛期降水量分别以2.28、2.88mm/年的速率减少。突变检验表明年降水量减少突变点发生在2003年,前汛期降水量减少突变点发生在1983年。后汛期降水量增加突变点发生在1968年;年降水量存在3~4、9~11年周期变化。汛期降水量存在3~4、6~7、10~11年的周期变化;前汛期降水量存在3~4、8~9年的周期变化;后汛期降水量存在2、7~8、11~12、20年的周期变化。     

广州前汛期暴雨气候特征分析

利用广州站1951～2009年的降水资料和历史天气图资料分析广州在过去59年前汛期（4～6月）暴雨气候变化特征以及暴雨产生的天气形势分类得出以下结论：1）广州前汛期暴雨累积雨量与前汛期降水变化趋势一致,呈逐年增加趋势,前汛期暴雨贡献率呈现波动变化;2）5、6月份的暴雨占前汛期累积雨量的比例呈10年左右的周期变化,未来10年广州可能再次进入5月份暴雨高发期;3）前汛期暴雨频次约占全年暴雨频次52．1％,其小波功率谱呈现4～8年的周期振荡,且在1987～2003年最为显著;4）广州前汛期暴雨偏多的年份,冷暖气团势力相当,在华南地区交汇的机会多,广州暴雨偏多,而暴雨偏少的年份,是极圈附近冷气团过于强盛而海上暖气团过于弱或者冷气团有一定的势力,但是海上暖气团过于强盛,华南地区由单一气团控制,广州暴雨偏少。