我国东部主要城市夏季高温气候特征及预测

利用我国东部地区1961～2002年夏季(6～8月)高温资料，探讨了上述地区主要城市高温气候特征，建立该地区高温及强高温过程较完整的时间序列。分析我国东部地区石家庄、南京、福州等12城市夏季高温气候特征。观测结果表明，石家庄测站强高温过程期间干热和闷热天气持续时间不长，极端气温高、日平均风速小、日平均相对湿度小；南京和福州测站强高温过程期间闷热天气持续时间长，极端气温高、日平均风速小、日平均相对湿度大。近年来夏季月平均日照时数在减少。东亚副热带高压和大陆变性高压是造成我国东部地区城市夏季高温的主要影响系统，强盛并持续副热带高压和大陆变性高压控制是我国东部地区高温日数和强高温过程偏多的主要原因。在此基础上用均生函数——最佳子回归集建立月气候预测模型，能较好地预测夏季月高温日数，预测误差不大，预测模型具有一定的稳定性，有应用价值。     

山东雨季季内降水分型及旱涝并存与急转——气候特征

采用1965—2007年山东省地面测站的逐日降水量和同期NCEP日平均再分析资料,运用统计学方法,探讨了季内降水分型、季节内振荡及旱涝突变的气候特征。结果表明,主要分为全省一致Ⅰ、东西反相Ⅱ、南北反相Ⅲ三种类型。他们的季内旱涝急转显示了典型的气候意义,Ⅰ型在6月下旬旱涝急转、8月中旬后期和9月初涝旱急转,与山东“夏季”雨季开始、结束时间的关键期是一致的。分型不仅限于山东,而是有着更广的旱涝区域。当Ⅰ型正相位时500 hPa高度场对应亚欧-北太平洋中高纬度为正距平,Ⅱ型表现出西北太平洋西岸的PJ波列,Ⅲ型对应着从西太沿岸-美洲西岸的类PNA型遥相关。      

The flexible global ocean-atmosphere-land system model, Grid-point Version 2: FGOALS-g2

This study mainly introduces the development of the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2 (FGOALS-g2) and the preliminary evaluations of its performances based on results from the pre-industrial control run and four members of historical runs according to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) experiment design. The results suggest that many obvious improvements have been achieved by the FGOALS-g2 compared with the previous version,FGOALS-g1, including its climatological mean states, climate variability, and 20th century surface temperature evolution. For example,FGOALS-g2 better simulates the frequency of tropical land precipitation, East Asian Monsoon precipitation and its seasonal cycle, MJO and ENSO, which are closely related to the updated cumulus parameterization scheme, as well as the alleviation of uncertainties in some key parameters in shallow and deep convection schemes, cloud fraction, cloud macro/microphysical processes and the boundary layer scheme in its atmospheric model. The annual cycle of sea surface temperature along the equator in the Pacific is significantly improved in the new version. The sea ice salinity simulation is one of the unique characteristics of FGOALS-g2, although it is somehow inconsistent with empirical observations in the Antarctic.     

中国大气有效辐射的气候计算及其分布

应用１９７９年５－８月季风试验期间印度８个陆地辐射探空站资料，通过多种方案试验，得出适用于各种云量条件下各等压面大气有效辐射的气候计算式，并计算和讨论了全国１０４站５００ｈＰａ大气有效辐射的时空分布特征。     

气候统计诊断与预测方法研究进展———纪念中国气象科学研究院成立50周年

概述了近50年来中国气象科学研究院在气候统计诊断与预测方法方面的研究进展。20世纪60年代, 我国气候学者引入统计学方法, 结合我国的气候特点, 开展了气候统计分析与预测的研究; 70年代至80年代期间, 中国气象科学研究院首先将模糊集理论和灰色系统推向大气科学的各个领域, 并在应用推广工作中做出了积极的努力; 进入20世纪90年代, 利用气候统计诊断与预测新方法对气候系统进行更深入地研究, 得到许多新的观测事实, 不仅涉及气候趋势与突变诊断、年代际振荡, 多尺度变率相互作用, 还涉及气候异常成因的研究。同时, 提出和发展了一系列统计预测的新方法, 并已在气候业务预测和气象决策服务中发挥了作用。     

我国上空的水汽含量及其气候学估算

该文根据中国高空气候标准值 (1971—2000年) 逐月数据集124个探空站资料,计算出各站的整层大气水汽含量,并绘制出年水汽含量分布,除青藏高原地区外,其余地区基本上呈纬向分布。继而配合我国地面气候标准值逐月数据集的水汽压和地面气压数据,在对水汽压进行相应的订正后,将其与整层水汽含量进行相关分析,拟合出全国普遍适用的、统一的或分月的线性经验表达式。拟合结果与实测值之间的均方根误差为0.25 cm。文中还详细讨论了多项式不同次数对拟合结果的影响,结果表明:与数据点走向拟合较好的多项式,次数高其结果并非误差最小。利用经地面气压订正的地面水汽压 (x) 与整层水汽含量 (y) 的拟合公式为y=0.185x+0.093,其最大优点是站点无论高低、不分地域普遍适用。     

Climatological characteristics of the moisture budget and their anomalies over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean

The climatological characteristics of the moisture budget over the joining area of Asia and the Indian-Pacific Ocean (AIPO) and its adjacent regions as well as their anomalies have been estimated in this study. The main results are as follows. In the winter, the northeasterly moisture transport covers the extensive areas at the lower latitudes of the AIPO. The westerly and northerly moisture transport is the major source and the South Indian Ocean (SIO) is the moisture sink. In the summer, influenced by the southwesterly monsoonal wind, the cross-equatorial southwesterly moisture transport across Somali originating from the SIO is transported through the Arabian Sea (AS), the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and the South China Sea (SCS) to eastern China. The AIPO is controlled by the southwesterly moisture transport. The net moisture influx over the AIPO has obvious interannual and interdecadal variations. From the mid- or late 1970s, the influxes over the SIO, the AS, the northern part of the western North Pacific (NWNP), and North China (NC) as well as South China (SC) begin to decrease abruptly, while those over Northeast China (NEC) and the Yangtze River-Huaihe River basins (YHRB) have increased remarkably. As a whole, the net moisture influxes over the BOB and the southern part of the western North Pacific (SWNP) in the recent 50 years take on a linear increasing trend. However, the transition timing for these two regions is different with the former being at the mid- or late 1980s and the latter occurring earlier, approximately at the early stage of the 1970s. The anomalous moisture source associated with the precipitation anomalies is different from the normal conditions of the summer precipitation. For the drought or flood years or the years of El Ni\~no and its following years, the anomalous moisture transport originating from the western North Pacific (WNP) is the vital source of the anomalous precipitation over eastern China, which is greatly related with the variation of the subtropical Pacific high.     

春季龙井茶叶气候品质认证

通过设计春季龙井茶叶气候品质认证指标,为开展生产于春季的龙井茶叶气候品质认证提供技术支撑。针对茶叶质量指标形成与气象条件关系密切,运用农业气象技术确定茶叶原材料茶树芽叶生长期的气象条件与茶树芽叶质量、颜色、滋味的关系,设计乌牛早茶树、龙井43茶树、鸠坑茶树在春季生产的龙井茶叶气候品质认证指标,将龙井茶叶的原材料茶树芽叶生长期的气候品质分为特优、优、良好和一般4级,开展龙井茶叶气候品质认证工作。气象部门作为与茶叶生产者、经销商和消费者无关的第三者,开展的茶叶气候品质认证容易为茶叶生产者、经销商和消费者认可和接受,提高茶叶生产企业信誉度和产品知名度,有助于引导消费者选购其满意的茶叶产品。     

中国近海航空危险天气的气候特征

利用ICOADS和LIS OTD资料分析了中国近海航空危险天气—低能见度和海雾、低云和积雨云、大风和雷暴的气候特征。中国近海低能见度和海雾主要发生在5—7月黄海以及东海北部。渤海海雾发生频率较低,且大多限于渤海海峡附近,仅在7月扩展至渤海湾内。东海温州以南和南海海雾发生频率亦较低,且主要集中在1—5月沿岸海区。低云主要发生在东海,低云频发时段为11月至次年4月,其中1月低云频率最高,范围最广,分别向北和向南扩展至黄海北部和南海东北部。积雨云高频区主要位于西太平洋暖池所在区域,中国沿海积雨云出现频率较低。大风主要发生在东海和南海东北部,特别是台湾海峡和巴士海峡,大风频发时段为10月至次年3月。雷暴主要发生在沿岸海区,包括渤海西北部沿岸、山东南部和江苏北部沿岸以及南海北部沿岸。     

近50年安徽省暴雨气候特征

利用1961—2012年安徽省80个台站逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°逐日再分析资料,对安徽省春季暴雨的气候特征、环流类型等进行了统计分析,并重点讨论了春季暴雨与沿海高度CH₅₀₀ (定义为120°E,30°N的500 hPa高度,单位：dagpm)的关系,结果表明：(1)安徽省春季暴雨总雨量年际变化较小,年代振荡明显;发生频次空间上基本呈纬向分布,南多北少特征明显,暴雨量分布则较为均匀。(2) CH₅₀₀可以作为预报安徽省春季暴雨落区的一个重要参照量,CH₅₀₀偏高时易出现暴雨,但不同月份不同区域暴雨出现的比例有所差异。实际业务中可参照以下CH₅₀₀阈值做出相应预报或改善：淮北暴雨3月(568,580)、4月(572,584)、5月(576,588);江淮暴雨3月(568,580)、4月(568,584)、5月(568,588);江南暴雨3月(564,580)、4月(564,584)、5月(568,588)。