一种气候预测综合决策的方法——递归正权综合决策法

根据气候预测的特点，提供了以误差平方和为风险函数，以正权综合为模式的多途径气候预测决策方案。不仅从理论上论证了几种正权方法的优性，还提供了递归技巧，进一步提高了正权综合的预测精度。对1997年汛期降水预测所做的综合决策表明，该方法具有较好的综合决策能力。     

Meteorology in Canada: A reaction to the rose report

The methods used in an earlier study focusing on the province of Ontario, Canada, were adapted for this current study to expand the study area over eastern Canada where the infrastructure is at risk of being impacted by freezing rain. To estimate possible impacts of climate change on future freezing rain events, a three-step process was used in the study: (1) statistical downscaling, (2) synoptic weather typing, and (3) future projections. A regression-based downscaling approach, constructed using different regression methods for different meteorological variables, was used to downscale the outputs of eight general circulation models to each of 42 hourly observing stations over eastern Canada. Using synoptic weather typing (principal components analysis, a clustering procedure, discriminant function analysis), the freezing rain-related weather types under historical climate (1958–2007) and future downscaled climate conditions (2016–2035, 2046–2065, 2081–2100) were identified for all selected stations. The potential changes in the frequency of future daily freezing rain events can be projected quantitatively by comparing future and historical frequencies of freezing rain-related weather types.

The modelled results show that eastern Canada could experience more freezing rain events late this century during the coldest months (i.e., December to February) than the averaged historical conditions. Conversely, during the warmest months of the study season (i.e., November and April in the southern regions, October in the northern regions), eastern Canada could experience less freezing rain events late this century. The increase in the number of daily freezing rain events in the future for the coldest months is projected to be progressively greater from south to north or from southwest to northeast across eastern Canada. The relative decrease in magnitude of future daily freezing rain events in the warmest months is projected to be much less than the relative increase in magnitude in the coldest months.     

喜马拉雅山北坡卡鲁雄曲径流与气候变化

以冰川融水补给为主的喜马拉雅山北坡的卡鲁雄曲流域,近20年平均气温以0.34 ^oC/10a的趋势上升,高于西藏年均温0.26 ^oC/10a的增长率,更是明显高于全国和全球气温的增长率,且极端最高温都出现在20世纪90年代。后10年气温 (1994~2003年) 比前十年 (1983~1993年) 升高0.5 ^oC,径流量增加了26%;不同月份径流增加强度不同,10~2月增加了44%,7~9月增加了27%,3~6月增加了24%。径流对气候变化的响应最灵敏 (一年中有8个月的增加趋势通过了α = 0.05的显著性检验),尤其是秋冬季的径流 (增加趋势超过α = 0.01的显著性检验)。受冰川消融和季风影响,不同时期的径流有不同的影响因素,但存在共性,即气温对径流起着积极主导作用,而降水对径流的影响具有不确定性,即正负双面效应。     

Possible climate change/variability and human impacts,vulnerability of drought-prone regions,water resources and capacity building for Africa

ABSTRACT

This review article discusses the climate, water resources and historical droughts of Africa, drought indices, vulnerability, impact of global warming and land use for drought-prone regions in West, southern and the Greater Horn of Africa, which have suffered recurrent severe droughts in the past. Recent studies detected warming and drying trends in Africa since the mid 20th century. Based on the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), both northern and southern Africa are projected to experience drying, such as decreasing precipitation, runoff and soil moisture in the 21st century and could become more vulnerable to the impact of droughts. The daily maximum temperature is projected to increase by up to 8°C (RCP8.5 of CMIP5), precipitation indices such as total wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT) and heavy precipitation days (R10 mm) could decrease, while warm spell duration (WSDI) and consecutive dry days (CDD) could increase. Uncertainties of the above long-term projections, teleconnections to climate anomalies such as ENSO and the Madden-Julian Oscillation, which could also affect the water resources of Africa, and capacity building in terms of physical infrastructure and non-structural solutions are also discussed. Given that traditional climate and hydrological data observed in Africa are generally limited, satellite data should also be exploited to fill the data gap for Africa in the future.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor N. Ilich     

地下洞室超欠挖问题非线性有限元分析

运用数值分析的方法,采用ANSYS10.0版有限元分析程序对洞室超欠挖进行三维模拟计算,分析了不同超挖位置、超挖深度、超挖数量等对洞室围岩稳定性的影响,得出了超欠挖部位应力集中数值解及塑性区产生的影响范围,为地下工程掘进施工和初期支护设计提供重要的参考依据。     

海岸带及其调查技术进展

海岸带是重要海陆过渡带地貌单元与区域,兼受海陆动力双重作用与影响,包括不同类型的沉积相,经历复杂的动力沉积、地貌演变及灾变过程。海岸带调查涉及学科交叉融合,调查要素相对独立与内容多学科交叉并存。我国曾分别于1960年、1981年和2003年组织开展过全国海岸带综合调查工作,调查获取了大量丰硕成果。当前海岸带调查与研究过程中亦暴露出一些亟需突破问题,包括:1)海岸带存在大范围"盲区",浅水易陷、礁石养殖等区域难以到达,成为海岸带数据"空白区"、调查"禁区";2)我国海岸带观测平台数量少、分布零散,未形成综合有效观测网,导致长时间序列、多源准同步调查数据缺乏,难以准确把握海岸带变化规律,破解资源环境有关问题;3)海岸带数据获取智能化程度低,严重阻碍制约有关对策及时有效性;4)海岸带不同学科协同调查、交叉融合研究模式尚未建立,不能及时发现海岸带科学问题。今后海岸带调查将在海岸带高分辨率过程数据、全覆盖无死角实时动态数据获取技术,长时间序列综合数据采集平台建设,陆海空全天候立体化数据采集传输及快速智能决策,以及海岸带多学科交叉攻关研究等方面取得突破。     

青海野马泉矽卡岩铁锌多金属矿区侵入岩、交代岩及矿化蚀变特征

野马泉铁锌多金属矿床位于柴达木盆地西南缘和青海祁漫塔格山之间的盆山结合部位.矿区出露有印支期及海西期侵入岩.矿区内矽卡岩呈层状、似层状产于上石炭统四角羊沟组中,矽卡岩矿物主要是石榴子石、单斜辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、符山石等;金属矿物主要有磁铁矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、闪锌矿等.文章基于详细野外地质调查、剖面和钻孔岩芯观察结果,开展了侵入岩和交代岩的岩石地球化学及矽卡岩矿物学的系统研究.结果表明,野马泉矿区闪长岩具有低w(SiO2) (51.90％～59.03％)、高w(MgO) (2.04％～3.44％)、w(TFeO)(5.33％～11.67％),高REE[(318.57×10-6～327.67×10-6)],低LREE/HREE比值(7.36～7.48)的特点;二长花岗岩具有高w(SiO2) (77.36％ ～77.41％)、低w(MgO)(0.04％～0.10％)、w(TFeO) (0.76％～1.08％)的特点,LREE/HREE比值较高(9.14～9.37).透辉石-钾长石交代岩比原岩低w(MgO)(1.17％ ～ 2.86％)、低w(TFeO)(3.89％～7.76％),且具有更强的Eu负异常(δEu=0.07～0.52),LREE/HREE比值更低(3.19～7.87).透辉石-钠长石交代岩相对原岩具有低w(MgO) (0.36％～0.92％)、高w(TFeO)(3.05％ ～8.13％)的特点.野马泉矿区的矽卡岩包括钙矽卡岩和锰质矽卡岩,钙矽卡岩主要产于接触带附近,组成矿物主要为单斜辉石和石榴子石,接近岩体的单斜辉石中透辉石端员组分较高,石榴石主要分布在接触带附近,内环带钙铁榴石组分高于外环带.综合矿物学、岩石地球化学结果,推断野马泉矿区闪长岩具有较大成矿潜力,野马泉矿区钙矽卡岩主要形成于氧化条件,锰质矽卡岩形成于还原条件.     

A two-stage time series model for monthly hydrological projections under climate change in the Lim River basin (southeast Europe)

ABSTRACT

Climate change projections of precipitation and temperature suggest that Serbia could be one of the most affected regions in southeastern Europe. To prepare adaptation measures, the impact of climate changes on water resources needs to be assessed. Pilot research is carried out for the Lim River basin, in southeastern Europe, to predict monthly flows under different climate scenarios. For estimation of future water availability, an alternative approach of developing a deterministic-stochastic time series model is chosen. The proposed two-stage time series model consists of several components: trend, long-term periodicity, seasonality and the stochastic component. The latter is based on a transfer function model with two input variables, precipitation and temperature, as climatic drivers. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency for the observed period 1950–2012 is 0.829. The model is applied for the long-term hydrological prediction under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) emissions scenarios for the future time frame 2013–2070.     

巴州农区气候变化及其对农业生产的影响

分析了1960—2001年巴州农区年、季平均温度、降水的变化，结果表明：各地气候变化并不一致，大部分地区有温度升高、降水偏多的趋势。冬季的升温幅度明显大于其它季节，年平均温度的上升主要由冬季升温所致。     

秦岭南北降雪异常空间模态识别及其影响因素分析

识别降雪异常空间模态,明晰降雪异常的影响因素,对理解中国南北过渡带气候变化规律具有重要的实践意义。论文基于1970—2020年逐日气象数据,辅以湿球温度动态阈值法、经验正交分解法等气候诊断方法,对秦岭南北冷季(11月—次年5月)降雪异常空间模态进行识别,探讨了不同主导模态与海气异常的相关关系。结果表明：(1)秦岭南北冷季降雪异常存在2个主导模态。第1模态为“全区一致型”,降雪异常偏强区分布于关中平原、秦岭山地、汉江谷地和大巴山区东段;第2模态为“山地主导下降型”,反映山地降雪异常对气候变化的敏感性;(2)在时间变化上,第1模态以年际波动为主,20世纪90年代中期后,空间模态多处于负相位,即全区一致降雪偏少;第2模态以年代转折为主,近期空间模态多处于正相位,即山地降雪异常偏少;(3)在影响因素上,第1模态降雪异常与1月中高纬度500 hPa欧亚遥相关波列相关,第2模态降雪异常与冬季赤道中东太平洋海温异常密切相关。研究将降雪异常格局与环流异常机制组合研究,可为理解中国南北过渡带降雪异常预警信号提供理论基础。