Map-Based Web Tools Supporting Climate Change Adaptation

This article discusses the state of the art in geovisualization supporting climate change adaptation. We reviewed twenty selected map-based Web tools, classified by their content and functionality, and assessed them by visual representations, interactive functions, information type, target audience, and how vulnerability and adaptation to climate change are addressed. Our study concludes that the tools (1) can be classified as data viewers with basic functionality and data explorers offering more sophisticated interactive functions; (2) mostly feature moderate or high richness of data content; and (3) predominantly target expert users.     

南海大气低层风场的气候特征分析

分析１９８０－１９８７年欧洲中长期预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）每日风场、温度场格点资料及同期南海区域测站和船舶资料，讨论南海低层风场的气候特征。南海为典型的季风活动区，冬季盛行东北季风，夏季盛行西南季风。流场的季节转换表现为季风系统的交替，相应不同的季风系统，南北温度梯度有一逆转过程，南海北部是温度梯度大且发生明显逆转的海区。１２°Ｎ以南海区气温全年变化极小，整个海区大气温度的季节变化不如流场变化快和显著。     

我国寒区径流对气候变暖的响应

文章总结了近期我国冰冻圈变化对水文过程影响研究的主要成果。研究表明,过去50年全球变暖已经对我国主要寒区河流径流产生了影响。实测资料和模拟结果均表明气候变暖导致冰川径流的显著增加,但未来气候变暖导致的冰川径流峰值大小和出现时间取决于冰川规模和升温速率。同时冰川融化加剧已经导致青藏高原冰川补给湖泊面积扩大、水位上升,随着气温的变暖,冰川减薄后退、冰川融水增多、冰湖库容增加,结果是洪水总量在不断增大,洪水频率也在不断增加; 气候变暖已经导致融雪径流过程提前,改变了径流的年内分配; 冻土退化使径流年内过程趋于平缓,主要是由于随着冻土退化,冻土的隔水作用减小,一方面使冻土区地表径流减少,有更多的地表水入渗变成地下水,使流域地下水水库的储水量加大,导致冬季径流增加;另一方面,入渗区域的加大和活动层的加厚,使流域地下水库库容增加,使流域退水过程更为缓慢。     

陆生蜗牛壳体碳氧同位素组成与气候

陆生蜗牛响应气候环境变化敏感,其壳体化石碳氧同位素组成（δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O）具有重建古生态和古大气水文条件的巨大潜力。然而目前针对中国黄土古土壤沉积序列中蜗牛化石碳氧同位素组成开展的古环境古气候重建研究却仍然不足,根源在于对蜗牛壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O指标气候意义的认识仍不明确。文章从现代过程研究着手,综述了目前有关蜗牛壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O气候环境意义的研究进展,并指出各自指标存在受控因子的复杂性和多解性等问题。通过总结这些研究认为：陆生蜗牛壳体δ¹³C值主要通过反映植物（尤其C₃）δ¹³C值变化来进一步响应当地降水量变化,进而指示环境的干湿程度,但同时需要考虑环境碳酸盐、大气CO₂等额外因子对壳体δ¹³C的影响;壳体δ¹⁸O值可以在较大程度上反映大气降水δ¹⁸O值变化,但同时需要考虑蒸发作用和温度等因素对壳体δ¹⁸O的影响;壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O在作为气候指标时常受区域和蜗牛种属等因素影响。此外,还介绍了目前中国北方黄土地层中蜗牛壳体化石稳定同位素组成重建季风变化的研究进展和近十年来有关蜗牛壳体团簇同位素新方法的研究进展。最后,论文针对壳体δ¹³C和δ¹⁸O指标存在的问题提出可能的解决办法,并对以后蜗牛碳氧同位素古环境研究方向进行展望。

     

Cartographic Symbol Design Considerations for the Space–Time Cube

The cartographic representation of geographic phenomena in the space–time cube comes with special challenges and opportunities when compared with two-dimensional maps. While the added dimension allows the display of attributes that vary with time, it is difficult to display rapidly varying temporal data given the limited display height. In this study, we adapt 2D cyclic point symbols to construct 3D surfaces designed along a helical path for the space–time cube. We demonstrate how these complex?3D helical surfaces can display detailed data, including data reported daily over 100 years and data reported in four-hour intervals over a year. To create the point symbols, each value is plotted along the curve of a helix, with each turn of the helix representing one year or week, respectively. The model is modified by varying the radii from the time axis to all points using the attribute value, in these cases maximum daily temperature and four-hourly ridership, and then creating a triangulated surface from the resulting points. Using techniques common to terrain representation, we apply hue and saturation to the surface based on attribute values, and lightness based on relief shading. Multiple surfaces can be displayed in a space–time cube with a consistent time interval facing the viewer, and the surfaces or viewer perspective can be rotated to display synchronized variations. We see this method as one example of how cartographic design can refine or enhance operations in the space–time cube.     

近42年日照市气候变化分析

根据日照市1961-2002年的年降水量、年平均气温以及季降水量、季平均气温资料，利用Mann-Kendall突变检验法和滑动t检验法，分析了日照市近42年的气候变化特征。结果表明：年平均气温、年降水量均存在突变，其中，冬季气温突变最为明显，秋季略有突变但不明显，春、夏季气温没有突变现象；夏季降水量突变最为明显，秋季不明显，冬、春季没有突变现象。     

气候变化及其对农作物生产潜力的影响

利用国家气象中心整编的1951—1990年全国160站年、月平均气温和总降水量,的资料序列,计算和分析了我国近40年的气候变化,讨论了我国气候变化的区域性和季节性差异;计算了各站的年作物光温生产潜力,探讨了气象变化对农业生产的影响。     

The socialization potential of the CDM in EU–Vietnam climate relations

This article argues that the material incentives associated with climate policies such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) may contribute to the socialization of emerging economies such as Vietnam in economic-oriented climate change norms. In current academic research, the CDM has both been extolled as a cost-effective and vilified as an environmentally inadequate instrument. Few studies so far, however, have looked into the CDM's potential contribution to socialization-related phenomena such as raising climate change awareness. This article aims to fill that gap by studying the CDM in EU–Vietnam relations in four periods, namely initiation (2001–2007), improvement (2008–2010), consolidation (2010–2012), and potential habit formation (2012 and beyond), with both the EU and Vietnam being important players in the market for CDM credits (Certified Emission Reductions or CERs). We argue that there is at least a strong potential for habit formation resulting from the CDM's material incentives, and that the underlying causal mechanism involves the emergence and activities of norm entrepreneurs and habit formation through a process of legal institutionalization.

Policy relevance

Normative transformation or change is increasingly attracting the attention of both climate policy makers and scholars alike, certainly in view of the failures of ‘standard’ economic or technological solutions to tackle climate change. There is a need, however, to apply insights from social theory to specific policies and cases. The policy relevance of this article lies here: does the CDM (a specific policy) affect climate concerns (norms) in Vietnam (a specific case)? And, if so, to what extent and why? Based on previous research regarding the Chinese case, it is expected that the CDM's material incentives result in a mild effect in Vietnam, probably less pronounced than in China in view of the latter's relative level of economic development, and the strength of its political and legal-institutional system and (human) capacity to develop CDM projects. This article's research findings point out that whether and how ‘deep’ these new shared ideas will succeed in becoming standards of appropriate behaviour in Vietnam might to some extent depend on whether the international community is able to offer a material incentive structure that fosters such a normative transformation.     

Combining Geography,Math, and Science to Teach Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

This study examines the effectiveness of integrating geography into existing math and science curriculum to teach climate change and sea level rise. The desired outcome is to improve student performance in all three subjects. A sample of 120 fifth graders from three schools were taught the integrated curriculum over a period of two to three weeks. They were given a pretest and posttest comprised of questions measuring knowledge relevant to the lesson in terms of geography, math, science, and spatial skills. Paired-samples t-tests were conducted to determine significant differences in student performance. These t-tests indicate statistically significant improvements in all but one instance across all subjects, at all schools for both boys and girls. No statistically significant results were observed for a control group of an additional twenty-seven fifth graders. These results demonstrate the value of combining geography with math and science to improve student performance in STEM knowledge.