中国航空客运网络的空间演化模式研究

利用定量模型分析的方法,从经济转型期航空运输发展的驱动力、地域非均衡性、民航客运网络演化三方面对1980~1998年中国航空运输体系发展特征进行了分析。结果显示,经过20多年的发展,中国航空运输网络以及服务的地域范围得到了显著改善,平均每个机场服务的空间半径缩短了27%,旅客的平均旅行距离下降了17%;由于沿海地区社会经济的快速发展,中国航空体系的空间重心向东南偏移;层次分明的航空客运网络结构逐步形成;通过对经济发展与航空运输发展间关系的统计分析表明,中国经济每增长1%,则航空运量增长1.72%。航空运输的发展将在中国社会经济空间结构调整中发挥越来越重要作用。     

渗流分析中排水孔模拟的空气单元法

提出了用“空气单元”模拟排水孔的思路,即将排水孔看作是以空气作为渗流介质的单元体,在给定了相应的渗透系数后,使它像岩块、土体等单元一样加入传统的有限元渗流计算方法中。通过算例及实际工程应用,证明该法简便可行,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料及雷达资料,对2014年6月浙江中部地区一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:短波槽携带冷空气与西南暖湿气流交汇所形成的低涡切变是大暴雨过程主要影响系统;冷空气侵入使垂直方向上形成上冷下暖的不稳定结构,在暴雨区域上空始终对应有配合垂直上升运动中心的低层辐合中心,同时800-900 h Pa的干冷平流向低层的输送对暴雨维持有重要作用。冷空气侵入加剧了低层大气的对流性不稳定,大暴雨的产生与低层大气对流性不稳定的加剧和不稳定能量的释放有密切关系。湿位涡正压项(MPV1)表明大气处于对流不稳定状态,斜压项(MPV2)由负转正发展使垂直涡度得到较大增长,从而为暴雨提供了很好的垂直动力条件。根据雷达速度图上高低层冷暖平流及实况反射率回波,可以初步判断降水的强弱和发展趋势。     

青藏高原地气温度之间的关系

应用多元线性回归分析方法,对位于40°~25°N,75°~102°E范围内的119个气象观测台站的1991—2000年平均气温和地面温度观测资料进行分析,获得了研究区域的月平均气温、地面温度与纬度、经度和海拔高度间关系的线性统计系数.统计结果和实测资料的比较以及统计分析的相关系数结果表明,高原地区的气温、地面温度和它的年较差与经度、纬度及海拔高度具有很好的相关性.应用曲线拟合方法将所得统计分析系数拟合成时间函数,就可将高原地区的气温和地面温度表示成统一的空间坐标和时间的函数.如果将已验证的1991—2000年平均地面温度与气温差统计结果作为气温与地面温度间关系的实验结果,那么,就可以解决长期困扰多年冻土预报研究中在任意已知时间和空间点上气温条件下,难以确定影响多年冻土温度状况变化上边界条件的变化这一难题.这一结果对于目前正在进行的青藏铁路冻土工程和环境预报研究具有重要意义.     

影响青藏铁路冻土区主要工程措施可靠性的气温变化指标分析

多年冻土是气候条件控制的特殊地质体,气温升高和降水条件变化将对青藏铁路沿线的多年冻土产生深刻影响.从全球气温变化背景和青藏高原气候变化的实际情况出发,分析和论述了气候变化对青藏铁路沿线多年冻土地温特征及冻土区工程建筑物的可靠性产生缓慢而持续影响的气温变化指标.通过对冻土区工程设计原则和工程结构、工程措施可靠性产生重大影响的气温变化特征的分析,提出对目前冻土工程可靠性的看法,并提出应对工程措施.     

阿拉斯加德纳里国家公园公路沿线冰椎和融化失稳问题的减灾备选方案

Only one access road leads into Denali Park. The serviceability and safety of this gravel road is obviously of paramount importance to the National Park Service (NPS). Since the late 1950s and mid1960s major icings and a landslide, respectively, have occurred along the Denali Park access road. During the summer of 1990 the landslide activity intensified. The central section of the Park through which the access road traverses is designated as a wilderness area. Consequently, off road field exploration required to quantify the hazards and remediation activities that may be proposed to mitigate icings and stabilize the landslide, are severely restricted and closely scrutinized by the NPS. The results of an evaluation of (1) the current state-of-the-practice to control icings, and (2) thaw stabilization techniques that could be appiled to the northwest corner of the landslide are presented herein. The recommendations which followed, respecting the wilderness area designation for the Park, are also presented.     

ADCP application for long-term monitoring of coastal water

Three kind of application of ADCP is reported for long-term monitoring in coastal sea. (1)The routine monitoring of water qualities. The water quality and ADCP echo data (600 kHz) observed in the long-term are analgzed at MT (Marine Tower) Station of Kansai International Airport in the Osaka Bay, Japan. The correlation between the turbidity and echo intensity in the surface layer is not good because air bubbles generated by breaking wave are not detected by the turbidity meter, but detected well by ADCP. When estimating the turbidity consists ofplankrton population from echo intensity, the effect of bubbles have to be eliminated. (2) Monitoring stirring up of bottom sediment. The special observation was carried out by using following two ADCP in the Osaka Bay, One ADCP was installed upward on the sea. The other ADCP was hanged downward at the gate type stand about 3 m above from the bottom. At the spring tide, high echo intensities indicating the stirring up of bottom sediment were observed. (3) The monitoring for the boundary condition of water mixing at an estuary. In summer season, the ADCP was set at the mouth of Tanabe Bay in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. During the observation, water temperature near the bottom showed remarkable falls with interval of about 5～7d. When the bottom temperature fell, the inflow current with low echo intensity water appears at the bottom layer in the ADCP record. It is concluded that when occasional weak northeast wind makes weak coastal upwelling at the mouth of the bay, the combination ofupwelling with internal tidal flow causes remarkable water exchange and dispels the red tide.     

海洋边界层内风、浪相互作用研究进展

鉴于海洋边界层内风、浪相互作用在海洋、大气研究中的重要意义,本文较详细地回顾、总结了国内外有关海洋边界层风、浪相互作用的研究进展：由最初的关于风应力和空气动力粗糙长度的统计研究发展到后来的利用模式探讨海洋边界层的结构和风、浪耦合机制。最后简单讨论了风、浪耦合研究中存在亟待解决的问题以及未来的研究前景。     

Spatial and temporal variations of stable isotopes in precipitation in midlatitude coastal regions

Spatial and temporal variations of the isotopic composition of precipitation were investigated to better understand their controlling factors. Precipitation was collected from six locations in Hokkaido, Japan, and event‐based analyses were conducted for a period from March 2010 to February 2013. Relatively low δ values and a high d‐excess for annual averages were observed at three sites located along the Japan Sea compared to the three sites at Pacific Ocean side. Lower δ values in spring and fall and higher d‐excess in winter were observed for the region along the Japan Sea. In total, 264 precipitation events were identified. Precipitation originated predominantly from low‐pressure system (LPS) events, which were classified as northwest (LPS‐NW) and southeast (LPS‐SE) events according to the routes of the low‐pressure center, that passed northwest and southeast of Hokkaido, respectively. LPS‐SE events showed lower δ¹⁸O than LPS‐NW events, which is attributable to the lower δ¹⁸O of water vapor resulting from heavy rainfalls in the upstream region of the LPS air mass trajectories over the Pacific Ocean. This phenomenon observed in Hokkaido can be found in other midlatitude coastal regions and applied for hydrological, atmospheric, and paleoclimate studies. A characteristic spatial pattern was found in LPS‐NW events, in which lower δ¹⁸O was observed on the Japan Sea side than on the Pacific Ocean side in each season. This is likely due to the location of the sampling sites and their distance from the LPS: Precipitation with lower δ¹⁸O in the region along the Japan Sea occurs in a well‐developed cloud system near the low‐pressure center in cold and warm sectors of LPS, whereas precipitation with higher δ¹⁸O on the Pacific side mainly occurs in a warm sector away from the low‐pressure center. Air mass from the north does not always cause low δ in precipitation, and the precipitation process in the upstream region is another important factor controlling the isotopic composition of precipitation, other than the local temperature and precipitation amount.     

Quantitatively estimate the components of natural runoff and identify the impacting factors in a snow-fed river basin of China

Snowmelt water is an essential runoff source of some alpine rivers in China. This study selected the Upper Burqin River(UBR), a typical snow-fed river, to quantitatively assess the runoff contributions of different components, as well as the causes of runoff variations under the background of cryosphere change and global warming. Based on the spatial-temporal distributions of snow and glaciers during a year, as well as the altitudinal variations of 0 ℃ isotherm, the high flow hydrographs in UBR was separated into two parts: seasonal snowmelt flood of lower altitudes(3,000 m) and glacier-snow melt flow in high altitudes(3,000-4,296 m). The daily baseflow hydrograph of UBR was separated by the digital filtering technique. It is concluded that the contributions of snowmelt flow, glacier melt flow, and baseflow(includes rainfall runoff component) to total annual flow volumes are 27.2%(±2.7%), 8.5%(±1.7%), and 64.3%(±3.0%), respectively. The speed of air temperature rise in spring may be the controlling factor for monthly snowmelt flow distributions in the snow-fed river. The volume of snowmelt was determined by spring precipitation(SP) and previous winter's precipitation(PWP). The PWP changes can explain 43.7% of snowmelt changes during 1981-2010 in UBR, while snowmelt change in 1957-1980 is more impacted by SP. The determining factor of snowmelt variation was changed from SP to PAP during the recent decades. Precipitation in current year, excluding previous year's rainfall and snowfall, can only explain 32%-70% of the variability in total runoff.