2013和2012年夏季格陵兰岛冰盖表面融化对比及可能的影响机理分析

本文重点分析了2013年夏季格陵兰冰盖表面的融化特征, 并将2013年与2012年融化极值年的异常进行对比, 探讨二者之间存在的动力和热力差异及其对冰盖表面融化的影响和机制。结果表明:2013年夏季格陵兰冰盖表面最大融化范围仅为44%, 远小于2012年的97%, 持续的时间也比2012年短20天左右, 平均的融化面积和持续时间都接近气候平均态。2013年夏季大气环流异常与2012年近乎完全相反, 格陵兰及附近海域为低压异常, 500 hPa位势高度场为负异常, 大气环流和2012年相比更具有纬向型。格陵兰岛的北部和南部出现气旋异常, 有利于输送北极的冷空气到格陵兰岛, 不仅降低了夏季格陵兰冰盖表面的平均温度, 而且也减少了格陵兰高温事件发生的频率。同时, 2013年夏季格陵兰表面向下的辐射通量异常分布大体上呈西南—东北走向, 不同于 2012年的南北分布。尽管从分布上看, 总的向下辐射通量以正的短波分量为主, 但是长短波分量相互抵消使得 2013年夏季总的向下辐射通量接近气候平均态, 这使得辐射对冰盖表面温度的影响不明显。大气环流的动力和表面辐射收支的热力共同作用导致2013年夏季格陵兰冰盖表面融化经历了相对缓和的一年。     

热带大气对非绝热加热的响应及其与ENSO循环关系

通过求解赤道β平面上的线性运动方程,研究了热带大气对主要由海洋热状况异常导致的大气非绝热加热的响应,并探讨了该过程与ENSO循环的关系。结果表明,非绝热加热的直接作用及其产生的Kelvin波、Rossby短波是大气零阶的扰动位势和纬向风速变化的原因。在El Nino期间,大洋西部首先发展出正的大气位势异常。但随着海洋热状况的正异常的持续,随之在大洋西部即开始孕育和发展,导致热带太平洋海气耦合系统回归正常状态,甚至是转向La Nina的大气异常状态或系统,其标识是非绝热的异常加热所激发的大气Kelvin波的产生和东传,并伴随正位势异常的大值向东移动和大洋西部正的位势异常减弱,信风由此而增强。在La Nina的盛期,海洋热状况存在负异常(即弱于平均状态),则将有相反的过程。     

梅雨特征量对气候变暖的响应

选取江淮流域梅汛期降水变率一致的34个代表站,划分了1960—1977年(偏冷期)、1978—1996年(过渡期)和1997—2011年(偏暖期)这3个时期,采用统计分析与合成分析的方法,研究了梅雨特征量对气候变暖的响应情况。结果表明:3个时期入梅时间、出梅时间、梅期长度和梅期降水量分别呈现晚-早-晚、早-晚-略晚、短-长-短和少-多-少的变化特点。梅雨强度和梅期雨日数占梅期长度百分比呈现递减趋势。梅期暴雨日数占梅期雨日数百分比、梅期无雨日数占梅期长度百分比和梅期最长连续无雨日数占梅期长度百分比呈现递增趋势。研究了气候变暖后500 hPa大气环流的变化与入梅时间、出梅时间、梅期长度和梅期降水量变化的联系。     

长治市高温天气分析预报

对长治市1977～2004年6～8月大于等于35℃高温天气的地理分布特征、时间和强度等进行统计,给出了高温天气的气候背景。从500hPa环流着手,分析了造成高温天气的4种环流形势(两槽一脊型、纬向环流型、大陆暖高型、副高控制型)和风、云、降水等气象要素与高温天气的内在联系。通过850hPa高温预报指标站的选取及数值预报产品的统计分析,给出了高温天气的综合预报模型,在防灾减灾中起到了积极的气象保障作用。     

高空西风急流对祁连山区降水的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日每6 h再分析资料,对2002~2004年发生在祁连山区附近的20次降水过程进行了合成分析。发现在40°N200 hPa高空存在一支东西走向的高空西风急流;降水一般发生在高空西风急流轴的南侧,在高空西风急流轴的北侧有冷空气下沉,南侧有上升的暖湿气流,在高空急流轴的下方形成了次级环流;在高空急流轴出口区的右侧,存在强烈的辐散上升运动,而对应的低层存在强烈的辐合上升区,这种高低层辐散辐合的配置非常有利于强对流天气形成;这支高空西风急流轴的存在对祁连山区的降水有深远影响,而急流轴位置的变化势必影响到降水落区。因此,利用高空西风急流轴预报祁连山区降水及河西走廊地区降水具有很好的指导意义。     

洞庭湖区域雷暴大风分型及预报分析研究

文章选取2013-2015年洞庭湖区域的15次雷暴大风天气过程,根据天气形势配置将其分为以下4类:低层暖平流强迫类、斜压锋生类、准正压类及高层冷平流强迫类。其中低层暖平流强迫类根据中低层切变线北侧冷平流的强弱又可以分为:强冷暖平流强迫类、强暖平流强迫类和中间类。总结归纳各类雷暴大风过程开始前、影响阶段及过程结束的天气形势配置、雷达回波特征与预报着眼点,为短期、短时天气预报预警提供参考。     

玉溪2011年3月强倒春寒天气环流特征分析

2011年3月15日～18日,云南省玉溪市出现一次强倒春寒天气过程,平均气温除元江外,其余县仅有6．2～8．8℃;48小时最高气温下降17～23℃,通海16日最低气温只有1．8℃。分析1971～2010年历史上3月倒春寒发生前的1月大气物理特征量发现,此次倒春寒的原因主要是由于1月极涡面积偏大,3月强度迅速发展偏强,对应极圈西南侧为120～80gpm的负距平,有利于冷空气形成;经向环流南北交换大,南支槽和东亚槽比常年偏强,有利于暖湿气流的输送,青藏高压比常年偏弱,有利于冷空气南下,造成自北向南出现较大的降温幅度,其中云南东部等地降温幅度超过12℃。     

Summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation and Its Relationship with Atmospheric Circulation and Monsoon Rainfall

Using the ERA-40 data and numerical simulations, this study investigated the teleconnection over the extratropical Asian-Pacific region and its relationship with the Asian monsoon rainfall and the climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific, and analyzed impacts of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） heating and Pacific sea surface temperature （SST） on the teleconnection. The Asian-Pacific oscillation （APO） is defined as a zonal seesaw of the tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes of the Asian-Pacific region. When the troposphere is cooling in the midlatitudes of the Asian continent, it is warming in the midlatitudes of the central and eastern North Pacific; and vice versa. The APO also appears in the stratosphere, but with a reversed phase. Used as an index of the thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific, it provides a new way to explore interactions between the Asian and Pacific atmospheric circulations. The APO index exhibits the interannual and interdecadal variability. It shows a downward trend during 1958-2001, indicating a weakening of the thermal contrast, and shows a 5.5-yr oscillation period. The formation of the APO is associated with the zonal vertical circulation caused by a difference in the solar radiative heating between the Asian continent and the North Pacific. The numerical simulations further reveal that the summer TP heating enhances the local tropospheric temperature and upward motion, and then strengthens downward motion and decreases the tropospheric temperature over the central and eastern North Pacific. This leads to the formation of the APO. The Pacific decadal oscillation and El Nino/La Nina over the tropical eastern Pacific do not exert strong influences on the APO. When there is an anomaly in the summer APO, the South Asian high, the westerly jet over Eurasia, the tropical easterly jet over South Asia, and the subtropical high over the North Pacific change significantly, with anomalous Asian monsoon rainfall and tropical cyclon     

MM5 Simulations of the China Regional Climate During the LGM.Ⅱ: Influence of Change of Land Area, Vegetation, and Large-scale Circulation Background

Using a regional climate model MM5 nested to an atmospheric global climate model CCM3, a series of simulations and sensitivity experiments have been performed to investigate the relative LGM climate response to changes of land-sea distribution, vegetation, and large-scale circulation background over China.Model results show that compared with the present climate, the fluctuations of sea-land distribution in eastern Asia during the LGM result in the temperature decrease in winter and increase in summer. It has significant impact on the temperature and precipitation in the east coastal region of China. The impact on precipitation in the east coastal region of China is the most significant one, with 25%-50% decrease in the total precipitation change during the LGM. On the other hand, the changes in sea-land distribution have less influence on the climate of inland and western part of China. During the LGM, significant changes in vegetation result in temperature alternating with winter increase and summer decrease, but differences in the annual mean temperature are minor. During the LGM, the global climate, i.e., the large-scale circulation background has changed significantly. These changes have significant influences on temperature and precipitation over China. They result in considerable temperature decreases in this area, and direct the primary patterns and characteristics of temperature changes. Results display that, northeastern China has the greatest temperature decrease, and the temperature decrease in the Tibetan Plateau is larger than in the eastern part of China located at the same latitude. Moreover, the change of large-scale circulation background also controls the pattern of precipitation change. Results also show that, most of the changes in precipitation over western and northeastern parts of China are the consequences of changing large-scale circulation background, of which 50%-75% of precipitation changes over northern and eastern China are the results of changes in large-scale circulation background. Over China, the LGM climate responses to different mechanisms in order of strength from strong to weak are, the large-scale circulation pattern, sea-land distribution, vegetation, CO2 concentration, and earth orbital parameters.