基于地学信息服务的Internet 3维 GIS：GeoEye 3D

随着Internet、分布式计算以及计算机图形学的飞速发展,开发基于Internet的3维GIS系统已成为可能。这3种技术的有力结合为地学领域开创了一个崭新的时代,促使网络GIS的概念由“地学数据服务”提高到“地学信息处理服务”的新阶段,不仅地学数据,地学信息处理功能也可以分布在基于客户／服务器的架构上,用户可以根据不同的需求“租用”和组合来自于Internet的不同功能。基于这一概念和作者提出的构件注册模型,我们从1998年开始着手研究和开发新一代的Internet 3维GIS：GeoEye 3D。这一系统集成了GIS、3维可视化、分布式计算及网络通信等技术,允许用户通过标准Internet浏览器来应用远程功能对远程和本地数据进行可视化分析。阐述了地学信息处理服务概念和构件注册模型以及GeoEye 3D的系统架构、算法和应用实例。     

重磁异常的人机联作校正－迭代反演

本文提出了三度体重磁异常的人机联作校正－迭代反演方法。该方法用二度半组合多边形棱柱体来逼近三度体，从而把三度体重磁异常反演问题转化为二度半体的反演问题；为了消除组合体迭加场的影响，该方法采用了一种校正－迭代技术。理论模型反演计算表明，该方法实际可行。     

Molodensky potential telluroid based on a minimum-distance map. Case study: the quasi-geoid of East Germany in the World Geodetic Datum 2000

 A potential-type Molodensky telluroid based upon a minimum-distance mapping is derived. With respect to a reference potential of Somigliana–Pizzetti type which relates to the World Geodetic Datum 2000, it is shown that a point-wise minimum-distance mapping of the topographical surface of the Earth onto the telluroid surface, constrained to the gauge W(P)=u(p), leads to a system of four nonlinear normal equations. These normal equations are solved by a fast Newton–Raphson iteration. Received: 7 February 2000 / Accepted: 23 October 2001     

城市设计暴雨频率曲线线型的研究

城市排水规划需有一定设计标准的暴雨值,这类设计暴雨的特点是历时短、设计标准不高和统计分布呈反S形。提出了用两端有限对数正态分布和广义指数分布作为频率曲线线型进行计算,可避免用Γ分布适线欠佳的缺点。通过实例,发现采用这两类分布,计算简便,能获得适线较好的结果。     

Tunnelling in soils – ground movements, and damage to buildings in Workington, UK

Tunnelling through soils results in ground loss, causing surface settlements and transverse movements. Where the tunnel drive passes below an existing structure, it is important to estimate the effects upon the structure. However, the free ground deformations should not simply be imposed upon a structure, because the structure contributes to stiffening of the ground. A computational soil-structure interaction analysis is required, to otain detailed stress–deformation response. First, linear finite element and Lagrangian finite difference methods are used to estimate ground movements due to a tunnel in free ground, and the results are compared with values based on empirical equations. The two linear methods and an additional hybrid FE method are then used to assess with soil-structure interaction; two cases of a typical short wall and a long wall lying across the route of tunnels of different depths. The results support the validity of the hybrid method which is used to estimate interactive ground settlements for comparison with a reported case of tunnelling below a building in central London. A more detailed case study is then undertaken to assess building damage caused by gross settlements during tunnelling in mixed soils, at a site in Workington, west Cumbria. A survey allowed estimation of free ground movements. Analysis by the hybrid method on the soils plus uncracked structures indicated intolerable horizontal stresses. Re-analysis with major cracks introduced into the structures resulted in close agreement between measured and computed settlements.     

3D P‐wave traveltime computation in transversely isotropic media using layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching

Subsurface rocks (e.g. shale) may induce seismic anisotropy, such as transverse isotropy. Traveltime computation is an essential component of depth imaging and tomography in transversely isotropic media. It is natural to compute the traveltime using the wavefront marching method. However, tracking the 3D wavefront is expensive, especially in anisotropic media. Besides, the wavefront marching method usually computes the traveltime using the eikonal equation. However, the anisotropic eikonal equation is highly non‐linear and it is challenging to solve. To address these issues, we present a layer‐by‐layer wavefront marching method to compute the P‐wave traveltime in 3D transversely isotropic media. To simplify the wavefront tracking, it uses the traveltime of the previous depth as the boundary condition to compute that of the next depth based on the wavefront marching. A strategy of traveltime computation is designed to guarantee the causality of wave propagation. To avoid solving the non‐linear eikonal equation, it updates traveltime along the expanding wavefront by Fermat's principle. To compute the traveltime using Fermat's principle, an approximate group velocity with high accuracy in transversely isotropic media is adopted to describe the ray propagation. Numerical examples on 3D vertical transverse isotropy and tilted transverse isotropy models show that the proposed method computes the traveltime with high accuracy. It can find applications in modelling and depth migration.     

The CREp program and the ICE-D production rate calibration database: A fully parameterizable and updated online tool to compute cosmic-ray exposure ages

Over the last decades, cosmogenic exposure dating has permitted major advances in many fields of Earth surface sciences and particularly in paleoglaciology. Yet, exposure age calculation remains a complicated and dense procedure. It requires numerous choices of parameterization and the use of an accurate production rate.This study describes the CREp program (http://crep.crpg.cnrs-nancy.fr) and the ICE-D production rate online database (http://calibration.ice-d.org). This system is designed so that the CREp calculator will automatically reflect the current state of this global calibration database production rate, ICE-D. ICE-D will be regularly updated in order to incorporate new calibration data and reflect the current state of the available literature.CREp is a Octave/Matlab^© online code that computes Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) ages for ³He and ¹⁰Be. A stand-alone version of the CREp code is also released with the present article. Note however that only the online version is connected to the online database ICE-D. The CREp program offers the possibility to calculate ages with two scaling models: i.e. the empirical Lal-Stone time-dependent model (Balco et al., 2008; Lal, 1991; Stone, 2000) with the muon parameters of Braucher et al. (2011), and the Lifton-Sato-Dunai (LSD) theoretical model (Lifton et al., 2014). The default atmosphere model is the ERA-40 database (Uppala et al., 2005), but one may also use the standard atmosphere for comparison (N.O.A.A, 1976). To perform the time-dependent correction, users may import their own geomagnetic database for paleomagnetic corrections or opt for one of the three proposed datasets (Lifton, 2016; Lifton et al., 2014; Muscheler et al., 2005).For the important choice of the production rate, CREp is linked to a database of production rate calibration data that is part of the ICE-D (Informal Cosmogenic-nuclide Exposure-age Database) project (http://calibration.ice-d.org). This database includes published empirical calibration rate studies that are publicly available at present, comprising those of the CRONUS-Earth and CRONUS-EU projects, as well as studies from other projects. In the present study, the efficacy of the different scaling models has also been evaluated looking at the statistical dispersion of the computed Sea Level High Latitude (SLHL) production rates. Lal/Stone and LSD models have comparable efficacies, and the impact of the tested atmospheric model and the geomagnetic database is also limited.Users however have several possibilities to select the production rate: 1) using a worldwide mean value, 2) a regionally averaged value (not available in regions with no data), 3) a local unique value, which can be chosen among the existing dataset or imported by the user, or 4) any combination of multiple calibration data.If a global mean is chosen, the 1σ uncertainty arising from the production rate is about 5% for ¹⁰Be and 10% for ³He. If a regional production rate is picked, these uncertainties are potentially lower.CREp is able to calculate a large number of ages in a reasonable time (typically < 30 s for 50 samples). The user may export a summary table of the computed ages and the density probability function associated with each age (in the form of a spreadsheet).     

三维弹塑性接触有限元滑坡稳定性分析

为了准确评价碎石土滑坡的稳定性,通过资料搜集整理和分析、现场工程地质调查与勘探和室内外的物理力学试验,采用三维弹塑性接触有限元算法计算碎石土滑坡的整体稳定性系数和分析滑坡的稳定性。研究结果表明,采用三维弹塑性接触有限元强度折减法计算碎石土滑坡的稳定性系数,可以考虑滑坡体的空间效应,使计算结果更加精确;在碎石土滑坡变形解体破坏过程中,在空间上滑体塑性应变和滑面上岩土体抗剪强度的发挥程度是不一致的;根据三维弹塑性接触有限元算法计算的滑面接触摩擦应力计算二维剖面碎石土滑坡稳定性系数的方法比较适宜于该类型滑坡稳定性的分析评价,能够比较客观、准确地反映滑坡所处的实际状态。      

基于球面阴阳网格数值计算研究进展

对球面阴阳网格的转换关系、优缺点及边界数据插值交换方法的相关知识进行了较为详细介绍。同时对应用球面阴阳网格的3种数值计算方法进行了回顾总结,包括优化的Schwarz方法、CIP-CSLR平流数值计算方法、多离散矩有限体积法。针对优化的Schwarz方法,从浅水方程组的离散入手,讨论了其在求解球面椭圆型问题的优势;而对CIP-CSLR平流数值计算方法和多离散矩有限体积法,主要从如何在网格单元内构造插值函数的角度对其进行分析。最后对开发全球非静力阴阳网格模式进行展望。     

坐标换带投影参数录入错误的数据纠正方法

针对如何对错误的投影数据进行纠正,介绍了通过数据的有效检核,探测误投影数据所采用的投影参数,然后进行数据的有效纠正。并以某县的行政区数据进行验证,结果证明该数据纠正方法是有效的,且此方法能实现零误差的数据转换。