A laboratory study of meteor smoke analogues: Composition, optical properties and growth kinetics

Meteoric smoke forms in the mesosphere from the recondensation of the metallic species and silica produced by meteoric ablation. A photochemical flow reactor was used to generate meteoric smoke mimics using appropriate photolytic precursors of Fe and Si atoms in an excess of oxidant. The following systems were studied: (i) Fe+O₃/O₂, (ii) Fe+O₃/O₂+H₂O, (iii) Fe+Si/SiO+O₃/O₂ and (iv) Si/SiO+O₃/O₂. The resulting nano-particles were captured for imaging by transmission electron microscopy, combined with elemental analysis using X-ray (EDX) and electron energy loss (EELS) techniques. These systems generated particle compositions consistent with: (i) Fe₂O₃ (hematite), (ii) FeOOH (goethite), (iii) Fe₂SiO₄ (fayalite) and (iv) SiO₂ (silica). Electron diffraction revealed that the Fe-containing particles were entirely amorphous, while the SiO₂ particles displayed some degree of crystallinity. The Fe-containing particles formed fractal aggregates with chain-like morphologies, whereas the SiO₂ particles were predominantly spherical and compact in appearance. The optical extinction spectra of the Fe-containing particles were measured from 300 nm<λ<650 nm. Excellent agreement was found with the extinction calculated from Mie theory using the refractive indices for the bulk compounds, and assuming that the fractal aggregates are composed of poly-disperse distributions of constituent particles with radii ranging from 5 to 100 nm. These sizes were confirmed from measurements of the particle size distributions and microscopic imaging. Finally, the particle growth kinetics of the Fe-containing systems exhibit unexpectedly rapid agglomerative coagulation. This was modelled by assuming an initial period of coalescent particle growth resulting from diffusional (Brownian) coagulation to form primary particles; further growth of these particles is then dominated by long-range magnetic dipole–dipole interactions, leading to the fractal aggregates observed. The atmospheric implications of this work are then discussed.     

TiO_2对香烟烟气中PAHs的光催化降解

利用自行组装的烟气采集装置,研究了TiO2对香烟烟气中多环芳烃(PAHs)光催化降解的效果.运用气质联用仪,对烟气中的多环芳烃进行分析,结果表明TiO2和光对多环芳烃光降解效果随环数变化有不同的变化趋势,TiO2的量是决定低环多环芳烃降解效率的主要因素;紫外辐射强度是决定高环多环芳烃降解效果的主要因素.在弱紫外辐射条件下,TiO2的量由3g增加到6g时,低环多环芳烃降解效率提高38.7%;在固定TiO2为3g时,紫外辐射强度增强1倍使高环多环芳烃降解效率提高87.2%;在强紫外辐射条件下,TiO2的使用会降低低环多环芳烃的光催化降解效率,TiO2分别为3g和6g时,低环多环芳烃降解效率分别下降76.9%和72.4%;在3gTiO2条件下,苯并[a]芘的催化降解效果最好,效率提高83.5%.     

一次由秸秆焚烧引起的霾天气分析

秸秆焚烧对空气质量有着负面的影响,并且会增加霾天气的发生几率.霾是一种由于大量尘粒子、烟粒子或盐粒子的存在使空气变混浊,进一步导致水平能见度下降的天气现象.结合2007年6月10日郑州市出现的一次严重霾天气,利用EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料、高空探测资料、NCEP再分析资料以及地形高度资料,从焚烧点遥感监测、污染物轨迹、地形和气象条件四个方面出发进行机理分析.分析结果表明,秸秆焚烧产生的大量烟粒子、东南气流对粒子的输送以及大气层结中连续几天出现的逆温和"郑州弯"特殊的地形是造成这次霾天气发生的主要原因.     

The 1997 El Niño,Indonesian Forest Fires and the Malaysian Smoke Problem: A Deadly Combination of Natural and Man-Made Hazard

The El Niño of 1997–1998 produced the most intenseimpact on the conterminous U.S.A., generating a seriesof powerful rain and wind storms off the coast ofCalifornia in early February 1998. The 1997–1998 ElNiño also produced severe flooding and extensive mudslides along the west coast of South America andprolonged drought conditions in northeast Brazil. Onthe other (west) side of the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño produced the worst drought in 50 years overIndonesia and helped spread the ongoing forest fireson the island of Borneo to well over one millionacres. In this paper, the smoke and pollution problem overMalaysia will be analyzed in the context of ongoingIndonesian forest fires and the severity of the 1997El Niño – a deadly combination which led to the mosthazardous smoke problem over Malaysia duringAugust–September 1997. The severity of the smokepollution is documented using media reports andavailable API (air pollution index) values overselected cities in Malaysia. The role of the El Niñoand its evolution in enhancing the smoke pollutionover Malaysia is further discussed and suitably documented.Some of the mitigation measures presently beingadopted in Malaysia to combat the smoke pollution arebriefly discussed.     

回线源瞬变电磁测深快速反演方法

回线源瞬变电磁测深法(简称瞬变电磁法或TEM法)是以不接地回线为场源,在回线内、外测量电磁场的一种电磁测深方法,已经广泛用于固体矿产、工程地质和水文地质调查工作之中[1,2]。目前,回线源瞬变电磁法主要采用中心回线和重叠回线两种测量装置,测量回线内垂直磁场产生的感应电动势。“烟圈”反演方法是瞬变电磁反演的主要计算方法,“烟圈”反演利用地表瞬变电磁响应与某时刻电流源镜像等效原理,计算勘探深度和对应电阻率。这里给出了回线源瞬变电磁测深一维“烟圈”反演解释方法的基本原理、计算方法和应用实例。结果表明,一维“烟圈”反演解释结果纵向分辨率较高,能反映出地下电性变化情况,可以用于瞬变电磁测深资料解释工作。     

焦炉烟气中复杂有机污染物采样技术研究

报道了自行设计的收集、吸附、吸收多级串联采样装置，成功地用于一次采集焦炉烟气中以三种形态存在的有机污染物。经ＧＣ／ＭＳ检测出２９３神有机污染物，其中７１种为重点污染物。此项技术能够全面真实地反映焦炉烟气中全量多环芳烃和其它复杂有机污染物的状况。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘风城组喷流岩稀土元素地球化学特征

准噶尔盆地西北缘乌尔禾地区下二叠统风城组深湖—半深湖相"白烟型"云质喷流岩中,广泛发育的纹层状、条带状、网脉状、同生变形和喷爆角砾及内碎屑等热水沉积的结构构造,具备国内外已公布的海相和陆相"白烟型"喷流岩的基本特征,但其富含火山物质和硅硼钠石、碳钠钙石等复杂盐类矿物的性质则明显有别于已知的"白烟型"喷流岩类。在岩石学、矿物学和稀土元素地球化学特征研究的基础上,发现风城组不同喷流岩的∑REE变化范围较大,LREE/HREE、La_N/Yb_N、La_N/Sm_N、Gd_N/Yb_N有不同的特征和多种稀土元素配分形式,结合Y/Ho特征,认为热流体具有分异的多源和多阶段喷流活动性。又据大部样品具有与同层位安山岩及周缘晚石炭世火山岩相似的稀土元素配分模式,其间具有很强的亲缘性,反映地壳深部的岩浆房不仅是热液喷流活动的驱动源,而且有岩浆源物质组分参与热液喷流活动,同时热流体还受到陆壳混染作用的影响。喷流岩中云质、火山质和复杂盐类矿物纹层与条带的韵律层及其稀土元素地球化学特征的规律性变化,指示热液喷流和沉积具有交替变化的脉动性。有意义的是,风城组云质喷流岩极弱的Ce异常和中等负Eu异常明显不同于海相喷流岩,反映正常的喷流沉积发生在很少外来流体(湖水)混入的深湖底碱性—还原的中—低温卤水池环境中,而盐脉及受水—岩反应影响强烈的围岩表现出重稀土富集的稀土配分模式,结合盐脉偏高的Y/Ho比值,反映其形成时流体更多地具备深部海相地层来源热卤水流体性质。     

TEM最简化反演及在研究永久冻土层中的应用

阐述了基于烟圈理论的最简化反演方法和磁源TEM测深一维经验式反演方法,这两种方法可由观测数据直接反演,不需要初始模型。结合中国东北永久冻土层勘查研究课题,对TEM原始探测数据进行了反演解释。两种反演结果对揭示沿剖面横向、纵向的电性层变化,体现了较好的一致性,可为分析、划分不同电性界面的变化趋势提供参考依据。     

基于烟圈效应的11点超前探观测系统设计

矿井瞬变电磁法因关断时间影响存在一定探测盲区,一定条件下关断时间长短取决于发射回线边长、等效面积。针对掘进巷道迎头有限空间,设计采用多匝、重叠小边长回线以满足探测深度需要。研究计算表明,40匝、2m×2m的发射回线盲区范围为20m左右,并据此首次提出了矿井瞬变电磁法测点间距选择盲区理论法。基于“烟圈效应”设计了适用于不同巷道条件下的“11点法”矿井瞬变电磁超前探观测系统。该系统随煤/岩层倾角变化而变化。通过推理计算得到了与煤/岩层倾角相关的线框布设角度公式,使该系统更具实际应用价值和指导意义。      

排烟方式对大空间建筑火灾空气升温的影响

为了考察烟气排放对大空间建筑火灾温度场的影响,利用FDS程序仿真模拟了火灾场景,系统分析了不同排烟系统对温度场的影响。结果表明：烟气排放对温度的影响较大,最大降温幅度可达原最高温度的50%左右;降温幅度与建筑高度有密切联系;当建筑高度小于12m时,按规范设计的自然排烟系统下的火场温度低于机械排烟的火场温度;当建筑高度达到或超过12m时,自然排烟系统下的火场温度将接近或高于机械排烟的火场温度。