High Acetone Concentrations throughout the 0–12 km Altitude Range over the Tropical Rainforest in Surinam

Airborne measurements of acetone were performed overthe tropical rainforest in Surinam(2°–7° N, 54°–58° W, 0–12 kmaltitude) during the LBA-CLAIRE campaign in March1998, using a novel proton transfer reaction massspectrometer (PTR-MS) that enables the on-linemonitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOC) with ahigher proton affinity than water. The measuredacetone volume mixing ratios ranged from 0.1 nmol/molup to 8 nmol/mol with an overall average of 2.6nmol/mol and a standard deviation of 1.0 nmol/mol. Theobserved altitude profile and correlations with CO,acetonitrile, propane and wind direction are discussedwith respect to potential acetone sources. No linearcorrelation between acetone and CO mixing ratios wasobserved, at variance with results of previousmeasurement campaigns. The mean acetone/CO ratio(0.022) was substantially higher than typical valuesfound before. The abundance of acetone appears to beinfluenced, but not dominated, by biomass burning,thus suggesting large emissions of acetone and/oracetone precursors, such as possibly 2-propanol, fromliving plants or decaying litter in the rainforest.     

氯盐溶液的拉曼光谱特征及测试探讨

常温下氯盐溶液水的拉曼包络线歪斜度受氯离子浓度和阳离子的影响,水拉曼包络线歪斜度很难准确评价复杂流体中的氯离子浓度,在-170℃下氯盐溶液的拉曼光谱研究表明,H2O和nCl-[H OH-]n的拉曼光谱峰能很好地分解并明显地显示,其中nCl-[H OH-]n的拉曼峰与H2O的拉曼峰比值与氯盐的浓度呈正相关,用nCl-[H OH-]n的拉曼特征峰强度(I3401～3413.18cm-1)与H2O的拉曼特征峰强度(I3088～3106cm-1)比值(InCl-[H -OH-]n/IH2O)为纵座标,作相关图,二者的相关性较好,可以应用于溶液中氯离子摩尔浓度测定。     

煤中氯赋存形态的试验研究

采用艾氏卡熔样—硫氰酸钾滴定法,对我国41个煤中氯的含量进行测定,并研究了煤中氯含量与挥发分、固定碳、灰分以及碱金属的关系。结果表明,我国煤中氯含量普遍较低,一般为0.1%~0.2%;煤中氯含量与煤的煤化程度有明显关系,煤的变质程度越高,煤中氯的含量越少。煤中氯含量与煤中水分和氟的含量无关。随着煤中碱金属含量的增加,煤中氯含量呈下降趋势,煤中氯与碱金属(Na,K,Ca,Mg)等存在负相关性。煤中氯主要以有机形式存在。      

夏季东海一氧化碳的浓度分布、海-气通量和微生物消耗研究

研究了夏季东海海水中和大气中一氧化碳(CO)的浓度分布、海-气通量和表层海水中CO的微生物消耗。夏季东海大气中CO的体积分数范围为63×10-9~120×10-9,平均值为87×10-9(SD=18×10-9,n=37),呈现出近岸高,远海低和北高南低的特点。夏季东海表层海水中CO的浓度范围为0.24~5.51nmol/L,平均值为1.48nmol/L(SD=1.46,n=37),CO的浓度受太阳辐射影响明显;CO在垂直分布上表现出浓度随深度增加迅速减小的特征,浓度最大值出现在表层。调查期间表层海水中CO相比大气处于过饱和状态,过饱和系数变化范围为3.65~113.55,平均值为23.63(SD=24.56,n=37),这表明调查海域是大气中CO的源。CO的海-气通量变化范围为0.25~78.50μmol/(m2·d),平均值为9.97μmol/(m2·d)(SD=14.92,n=37)。在CO的微生物消耗培养实验中,CO的浓度随时间增长呈指数降低,消耗过程表现出一级反应的特点,速率常数KCO范围为0.043~0.32/h,平均值为0.18/h(SD=0.088,n=9),KCO与盐度之间存在负相关关系。     

鄂尔多斯白垩系盆地地下水的形成与演化：来自Cl及其同位素36Cl的证据

鄂尔多斯自垩系地下水盆地地处中国西部干旱-半干旱地区,其南部和北部分别被黄土和沙漠覆盖,地下水水化学组成在区域上差异显著,北部以淡水为主,南部以微咸-半咸水为主.在沙漠区和黄土区的深层含水层中(埋深大于400 m)分别采集了5组和3组水化学同位素样品.T和14C的分析结果表明,地下水的滞留时间在20343 a内,并且未...     

Effects of residual chlorine on the mortality, grazing and respiration of Labidocera euchaeta (Copepoda)

In this study,the authors investigated the effects of residual chlorine on mortality,grazing and respiration of Labidocera euchaeta in laboratory.The grazing rate was evaluated by subtraction method of food concentration and respiration rate was measured using oxygen electrode.It was found that the lethal effect of residual chlorine on L.euchaeta increased with enhanced concentration and prolonged duration.The medium lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of chlorine for L.euchaeta in 24 h was about 0.58 mg/L and the safe concentration was about 0.21 mg/L.However,the grazing and respiration of L.euchaeta decreased by 32.6% and 18.9% when exposed to 0.2 mg/L residual chlorine for 4 h.It indicated that the physiological activities of zooplankton could be suppressed by the residual chlorine less than the safety concentration.Therefore,both survival and physiological activities of the organisms living in the thermal (nuclear) power plant discharging waters should be considered when carrying out the ecological risks assessment.     

Chlorine in the stratosphere

This paper reviews the various aspects of chlorine compounds in the stratosphere, both their roles as reactants and as tracers of dynamical processes. In the stratosphere, reactive chlorine is released from chlorofluorocarbons and other chlorine-containing organic source gases. To a large extent reactive chlorine is then sequestered in reservoir species ClONO₂ and HCl. Re-activation of chlorine happens predominantly in polar winter vortices by heterogeneous reaction in combination with sunlight. Catalytic cycles involving Cl, ClO, BrO, Cl₂O₂, ClO₂, and others like NO, NO₂, OH, and HO₂ remove odd oxygen (ozone and atomic oxygen) from the atmosphere. Under an ozone hole condition, the ClO dimer cycle is particularly important, while in mid-latitudes the short-lived reservoir HOC1 has some importance. Solar proton events can also affect stratospheric chlorine chemistry, but whether solar protons effectively activate or deactivate chlorine was shown to depend on illumination conditions. The lifetime of chlorofluorocarbons has an impact on the availability of ozone destructing substances in the stratosphere and depends on the Brewer-Dobson circulation which controls at which altitudes and how long an air parcel is exposed to photochemistry. In turn, the chlorine-containing source gases can be used as tracers to constrain the age of stratospheric air and thus to diagnose the Brewer-Dobson circulation. The use of complementary measurement systems was essential to extend our knowledge on chlorine-containing compounds in the stratosphere. ClO is best measured by remote sensing in its rotational bands in the far infrared and microwave region. For HOC1 the far infrared bands are ideal, but some substantial information was also gained with microwave and mid-infrared measurements. ClONO₂ is only measured in the thermal infrared, while HCl has a measurable signal in the microwave, far infrared and mid-infrared regions. The mid-infrared HCl lines, however, are situated at wavelengths where blackbody emission at terrestrial temperatures is so low that infrared measurements of HCl are possible only in solar absorption geometry, but not in thermal emission. Chlorine source gases are most accurately measured by air sampling techniques, while global coverage can only be achieved by satellite-borne thermal infrared measurements. In epistemological terms, research on stratospheric chemistry and particularly the role of chlorine compounds used various scientific concepts from deductive reasoning, falsificationism, abductive reasoning and so-called “puzzle-solving within normal science”. The structuralist theory of science with the concept of non-statement view of theories, however, seems to be best applicable to stratospheric chlorine research of the recent decades.     

Apatite Chlorine Concentration Measurements by LA‐ICP‐MS

Apatite incorporates variable and significant amounts of halogens (mainly F and Cl) in its crystal structure, which can be used to determine the initial F and Cl concentrations of magmas. The amount of chlorine in the apatite lattice also exerts an important compositional control on the degree of fission‐track annealing. Chlorine measurements in apatite have conventionally required electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) is increasingly used in apatite fission‐track dating to determine U concentrations and also in simultaneous U‐Pb dating and trace element measurements of apatite. Apatite Cl measurements by ICP‐MS would remove the need for EPMA but the high (12.97 eV) first ionisation potential makes analysis challenging. Apatite Cl data were acquired using two analytical set‐ups: a Resonetics M‐50 193 nm ArF Excimer laser coupled to an Agilent 7700× quadrupole ICP‐MS (using a 26 μm spot with an 8 Hz repetition rate) and a Photon Machines Analyte Excite 193 nm ArF Excimer laser coupled to a Thermo Scientific iCAP Qc (using a 30 μm spot with a 4 Hz repetition rate). Chlorine concentrations were determined by LA‐ICP‐MS (1140 analyses in total) for nineteen apatite occurrences, and there is a comprehensive EPMA Cl and F data set for 13 of the apatite samples. The apatite sample suite includes different compositions representative of the range likely to be encountered in natural apatites, along with extreme variants including two end‐member chlorapatites. Between twenty‐six and thirty‐nine isotopes were determined in each apatite sample corresponding to a typical analytical protocol for integrated apatite fission track (U and Cl contents) and U‐Pb dating, along with REE and trace element measurements. ³⁵Cl backgrounds (present mainly in the argon gas) were ~ 45–65 kcps in the first set‐up and ~ 4 kcps in the second set‐up. ³⁵Cl background‐corrected signals ranged from ~ 0 cps in end‐member fluorapatite to up to ~ 90 kcps in end‐member chlorapatite. Use of a collision cell in both analytical set‐ups decreased the low mass sensitivity by approximately an order of magnitude without improving the ³⁵Cl signal‐to‐background ratio. A minor Ca isotope was used as the internal standard to correct for drift in instrument sensitivity and variations in ablation volume during sessions. The ³⁵Cl/⁴³Ca values for each apatite (10–20 analyses each) when plotted against the EPMA Cl concentrations yield excellently constrained calibration relationships, demonstrating the suitability of the analytical protocol and that routine apatite Cl measurements by ICP‐MS are achievable.     

氯盐渍土土-水特征曲线的试验研究

采用滤纸法和压力板法测定不同含盐量盐渍土的土-水特征曲线（SWCC）,探讨土中含盐量对盐渍土土-水特征曲线的影响。试验结果表明,粉土中含盐量对基质吸力土-水特征曲线的影响不大。采用滤纸法测得的总吸力与基质吸力之间的差值随着土中盐溶液浓度的增加而增加,且该差值要大于相同浓度纯盐溶液的渗透吸力,其原因是由于土颗粒表面对溶液吸附作用引起的,用滤纸法测得的基质吸力土-水特征曲线处于脱湿曲线和吸湿曲线之间。采用蒸汽平衡法测定Whatman 42号滤纸在高吸力阶段的总吸力的率定曲线,使得高吸力时用滤纸法测定吸力更为精确。     

稳定氯同位素及其应用地球化学研究

稳定氯同位素的分馏作用有限,同位素比值变化小,测定精度要求高。在很长一段时期内,人们一直未能发现自然界稳定氯同位素组成的变化。随着测定技术的不断发展,氯同位素的分馏效应逐渐得到证实,并引起了人们的广泛关注。国内外学者已将氯同位素应用于海水、地表河流水、地下水、盐湖、古代蒸发岩(盐)和热液矿床等方面的地球化学研究中,对水体演化和矿床成因进行了较为深入的探讨和分析,并取得了一定的研究进展。这些研究工作充分表明氯同位素在水体演化和成矿理论研究以及矿产勘查等方面有着独特优势,尤其在我国开展蒸发岩(盐)氯同位素地球化学研究具有很大的发展潜力和广阔的应用前景。但氯同位素的应用地球化学研究目前尚处于发展时期,更深入的研究还有待于测定方法的进一步完善以及对不同地球化学体系氯同位素的系统测定和研究。