西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩流体组成及其地幔动力学意义

西秦岭新生代高钾质玄武岩是认识大陆碰撞俯冲体制下地幔流体组成及深部动力学的岩石探针。本文采用分步加热质谱法测定了西秦岭高钾质玄武岩中斑晶及基质的流体化学组成和碳同位素组成,结果表明流体组分在200~400℃、400~800℃和800~1200℃阶段性释出,以H₂O为主,其次为CO₂和SO₂,并含有相对较高的He含量。从橄榄石斑晶到斜长石斑晶和基质H₂O和CO₂逐步升高。橄榄石斑晶流体挥发份主要释气峰温度(900~1200℃)明显高于中国东部地幔捕虏体及其它地区超镁铁质岩体中的橄榄石,流体组份以SO₂和CO₂等氧化性组份为主,其CO₂的δ¹³C值(-26.21‰~-20.85‰,平均-23.32‰)和CH₄的δ¹³C值(-42.35‰~-38.17‰,平均-40.03‰)低于基质的δ¹³C_CO2值(-16.43‰~-11.67‰,平均-13.22‰)和δ¹³C_CH4值(-44.22‰~-34.03‰,平均-39.70‰)。基质中CO₂和CH₄碳同位素组成具有机质热裂解特征。原始岩浆的流体挥发份主要为SO₂、N₂和CO₂,可能起源于较深的混杂地幔源区、演化于高f_O2的环境。流体挥发份化学和同位素组成表明高钾质玄武岩浆挥发份中存在地幔和地壳来源组分,幔源岩浆上升演化过程中可能加入了大量的H₂O和CO₂等,可能存在碳酸岩岩浆的混合或岩浆穿透区域碳酸盐地层的混染;其中的再循环壳源组分可能为古特提斯洋闭合俯冲或其后华北克拉通与扬子克拉通碰撞相关的再循环壳源沉积物脱出的流体组分。     

鲕粒成因研究的新进展

鲕粒的成因一直是一个谜一样的沉积学难题。Brehm等在2006年的实验室研究的结果表明,将鲕粒的形成可以与叠层石进行类比,是一个特殊的球状微生物席的产物,从而将鲕粒归为微生物成因。最近,来自于巴哈马现代鲕粒的研究,Duguid等在2010年认为,鲕粒形成与微生物活动不存在一个直接的关系,重新强调了鲕粒形成的化学过程,即...     

玄武岩成分变异原因

笔者等研究发现山东栖霞和浙江西垄两地新生代玄武岩中分别产有奇特的富钾霞石质和富透长石质熔体玻璃地幔捕虏体,而且它们与寄主玄武岩之间有强烈的混染反应.表明玄武岩浆不是一元系岩浆,而是不同期多元系岩浆.多元系所占比例差别很大,决定了玄武岩浆成分的多样性.另外,此玄武岩成分也很特别:①不见斜长石,主要是铬透辉石(Mg质太多);②含有较多霞石;③全岩SiO2低,37％ ～39％.此玄武岩应称为透辉石岩.     

Skarn Mineral and Stable Isotopic Characteristics of Tonglushan Cu-Fe Deposit in Hubei Province

湖北大冶铜绿山铜铁矿床是长江中下游西段鄂东南矿集区一个大型夕卡岩矿床.围岩为三叠系大理岩及白云质大理岩,决定了其发育丰富的钙镁质复合夕卡岩矿物组合,包括石榴子石、辉石、角闪石、绿帘石、金云母、绿泥石等.本文详细描述了夕卡岩不同阶段矿物的特征,并对矿物进行了电子探针分析(EPMA)及碳、氧、硫稳定同位素研究.结果表明石榴子石形成于三期,成分上属于钙铝—钙铁系列,且从早到晚具有从钙铝向钙铁榴石演化趋势,反映出成矿溶液由酸性向碱性演化.环带结构的石榴子石和绿帘石从核部到边部Fe含量增高,说明磁铁矿是在Fe浓度升高的碱性溶液中沉淀.辉石为透辉石.角闪石属于单斜角闪石中的钙质角闪石,包括透闪石,韭闪石和少量阳起石.矿物成分分析表明辉石和石榴子石的Mn/Fe值与矿化金属元素存在一定的联系.相对于钙质夕卡岩,镁质或含镁质夕卡岩是铜铁矿体交代的更有利岩石.矿床硫化物的δ34 SV-CDT均为正值且变化范围较窄,介于0.6‰～3.8‰.成矿阶段方解石δ13CV-PDB变化于-2.9‰～6.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW变化于9.6‰ ～ 12.6‰,成矿后方解石的同位素值明显增大,δ13CV-PDB为-0.9‰ ～ 1.3‰,δ18OV-SMOW为15.2‰ ～ 17.3‰,趋向于围岩的同位素值.研究结果说明成矿阶段的硫和碳来自于深源或地幔,而成矿后期碳与地层发生明显的同位素交换反应.     

类芽孢杆菌对铜陵新桥矿区土壤中Cu化学形态的影响

采用Tessier五步连续提取法和红外光谱技术,研究类芽孢杆菌对铜陵新桥矿区重金属污染土壤中Cu化学形态的影响,初步探讨了Cu形态变化的机理。结果表明,不同投入量的类芽孢杆菌接种到土壤培养一周后,土壤溶液pH值降低,土壤中可交换态、有机结合态Cu含量增加,碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态Cu的含量降低。土壤中可交换态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态Cu含量的变化主要受土壤溶液的pH值控制;有机结合态升高主要与类芽孢杆菌菌数及其代谢产生的低分子量有机酸有关。类芽孢杆菌可以改变矿区土壤中Cu的化学形态,影响Cu的生物有效性。     

Nd–Sr isotopic constraint to the formation of metatexite and diatexite migmatites,Higo metamorphic terrane,central Kyushu,Japan

ABSTRACT

Metatexite and diatexite migmatites are widely distributed within the upper amphibolite and granulite-facies zones of the Higo low-P/high-T metamorphic terrane. Here we report Nd–Sr isotopic and whole rock composition data from an outcrop in the highest-grade part of the granulite-facies zone, in which diatexite occurs as a 3 m-thick layer between 2 m-thick layers of stromatic-structured metatexite within pelitic gneiss. The metatexite has Nd–Sr isotopes and whole rock compositions similar to those of the gneiss, but the diatexite shows the reverse. The diatexite has a higher ε_Nd(t) and ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio (ε_Nd(t) = ?0.5; ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.1636) than the gneiss (ε_Nd(t) = ?2.1; ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.1287) and metatexite (ε_Nd(t) = ?3.1; ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd = 0.1188). The (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_initial and ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr of the diatexite ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_initial = 0.70568; ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr = 0.416) are lower than those of the gneiss ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_initial = 0.70857; ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr = 1.13) and metatexite ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_initial = 0.70792; ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr = 1.11). The metatexite and gneiss show enrichment of Th and depletion of P and Eu and have a similar chondrite-normalized REE pattern, which shows steep LREE–MREE-enriched and gently declining HREE patterns and negative Eu anomalies, whereas the diatexite shows enrichment of Sr and depletion of Th and Y, and exhibits gently declining LREE and steeply declining HREE pattern and weak Eu depletion. The metatexite migmatite is interpreted to have formed by in situ partial melting in which the melt did not migrate from the source, whereas the diatexite migmatite included an externally derived melt with a juvenile component. The Cretaceous high-temperature metamorphism of the Higo metamorphic terrane is interpreted to reflect emplacement of mantle-derived basalts under a volcanic arc along the eastern margin of the Eurasian continent, and mass transfer and advection of heat via hybrid silicic melts from the lower crust.     

Detrital zircon ages and Hf isotopic compositions of metasedimentary rocks in the Wuqia area of Southwest Tianshan,NW China: implications for the early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogenic belt

ABSTRACT

The Chinese Southwest Tianshan Orogenic Belt is located along the boundary between the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and the Tarim Block (TB), NW China. It records the convergence of the Tarim Block and the Middle Tianshan, and is, therefore, a crucial region for understanding the Eurasia continental growth and evolution. The Wulagen (geographical name) metasedimentary rocks of the Wuqia area (mainly metamorphic sandstones and mica schists) form one of the metamorphic terranes in the Southwestern Tianshan Orogenic Belt. The geochronology of these rocks is poorly known, which hampers our understanding of the tectonic evolution of the belt. We analyzed 517 zircon grains for detrital zircon U–Pb dating and 93 zircon grains for in situ Lu–Hf isotopic compositions from the Wulagen metasedimentary rocks. The analyzed zircon grains yield Neoarchean to late Paleozoic U–Pb ages with major age peaks at ~2543 Ma, 1814 Ma, 830 Ma, 460 Ma, and the youngest cluster of zircon (magmatogene) ages is 395 Ma. The zircon U–Pb data show that the late Paleozoic (Early Devonian) is the maximum depositional age of the Wulagen metasedimentary rocks, rather than the previously considered Precambrian period. The zircons with Paleozoic ages yield εHf(t) values of ?22.0 to +11.3 and two-stage model ages (TDM₂) of 3.95 to 1.30 Ga, suggesting that the parental magmas were formed from partial melting of pre-existing crustal rocks. Our zircon U–Pb geochronology and Hf isotopic data indicate the major source regions for the Wulagen metasedimentary rocks was the Kyrgyzstan North Tianshan. The zircon age population of 600–400 Ma (peak at ~460 Ma) has negative εHf(t) values (?15.0 to ?0.6) and Mesoproterozoic two-stage model ages, suggesting that the early Paleozoic magmatism resulted mainly from the melting of ancient crust, which played an important role in crustal evolution in the southern CAOB.     

Chemical composition of rock-forming minerals in granitoids associated with Au–Bi–Cu,Cu–Mo,and Au–Ag mineralization at the Freegold Mountain,Yukon, Canada: magmatic and hydrothermal fluid chemistry and petrogenetic implications

The chemical compositions of rock-forming minerals have been determined for both altered and least-altered igneous rocks spatially associated with numerous mineralized zones (Nucleus Au–Bi–Cu–As deposit, Revenue Au ± Cu and Stoddart Cu–Mo ± W mineral occurrences, and Laforma Au–Ag deposit) across the Freegold Mountain area, Yukon, Canada. Within the study area, K-feldspar has a narrow compositional range (89.4–91% Or), whereas plagioclase spans a wide range (4.4–70.07% An). In all of the investigated samples, T _Ab = T _An = T _Or, suggesting that magmatic equilibrium between the coexisting plagioclase and K-feldspar was maintained. Igneous amphibole phenocrysts from hypabyssal dikes are typically calcic, whereas the Stoddart Cu–Mo ± W, Laforma Au–Ag, and Goldy Au mineralization are associated with Mg-enriched primary amphibole of edenite composition, and Au–Bi–Cu–As mineralization from Nucleus is related to Al-enriched primary amphibole of ferropargasite composition. Primary biotite phenocrysts across the Freegold Mountain area re-equilibrated with oxidized magma (f(O₂) values between 10–13 and 10–11.5 bars, lying between the Ni/NiO and the magnetite/haematite buffers). However, biotite and amphibole phenocrysts from Stoddart, Goldy, Laforma, and the Highway zones crystallized from a more oxidized magma, as indicated by their elevated X _Mg up to 0.65, relative to biotite and hornblende from Nucleus and Revenue characterized by a lower X _Mg (typically < 0.50). This suggests that various sources and (or) rapid emplacement were involved in magma genesis, as further supported by the considerable variation of pressure (1.8–7.3 kb) of amphibole crystallization and of the total Al content in least-altered biotite (2.6–2.9 afu) within the Freegold Mountain area. Biotite and apatite equilibrated within the T range of 520–780°C, consistent with temperatures of equilibration between ilmenite and magnetite, and their compositions indicate that they formed from an oxidized I-type magma. Magma differentiated by fractional crystallization (indicated by the presence of normally zoned plagioclase with Ca-rich cores and Na-enriched outer rims) and multiple magma mixing (supported by the presence of reversed zoned plagioclase and coexistence of normally and reversely zoned plagioclase). Lower X _Mg biotite associated with the mineralized (Cu–Mo ± W) potassic alteration incorporated more F and Cl relative to least-altered biotite with higher X _Mg. In both Nucleus and Revenue Au–Cu mineralizations, secondary biotite composition varies with respect to the associated alteration mineral assemblages. Although secondary biotite in the skarn re-equilibrated with F-poor fluids, secondary biotite from the pervasive biotitization is related to F- and Cl-enriched fluids, and secondary biotite from the phyllitic zone is related to F-, Cl-, and Mg-depleted fluids, thus consistent with a change in mineralizing fluid composition during mineralization.     

Deciphering the geochronology of a large granitoid pluton (Karkonosze Granite,SW Poland): an assessment of U–Pb zircon SIMS and Rb–Sr whole-rock dates relative to U–Pb zircon CA-ID-TIMS

Granitoid plutons are often difficult to radiometrically date precisely due to the possible effects of protracted and complex magmatic evolution, crustal inheritance, and/or partial re-setting of radiogenic clocks. However, apart from natural/geological issues, methodological and analytical problems may also contribute to blurring geochronological data. This may be exemplified by the Variscan Karkonosze Pluton (SW Poland). High-precision chemical abrasion (CA) ID-TIMS zircon data indicate that the two main rock types, porphyritic and equigranular, of this igneous body were both emplaced at ca. 312 Ma, while field evidence points to a younger age for the latter. This is in contrast to the earlier reported SIMS (SHRIMP) zircon dates that scattered mainly between ca. 322 and 302 Ma. In an attempt to overcome this dispersion, at least in part caused by radiogenic lead loss, the CA technique was used before SHRIMP analysis. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age obtained in this way from a sample of porphyritic granite is 322 ± 3 Ma, ~16 Ma older than the untreated zircons; another porphyritic sample yielded a mean age of 319 ± 3 Ma, and the mean age was 318 ± 4 Ma for an equigranular granite sample – all three somewhat older than the age obtained by ID-TIMS. Older SIMS dates of ca. 318–322 Ma might indicate either faint inheritance or that zircon domains crystallized during earlier stages of Karkonosze igneous evolution. The ID-TIMS results have been used to re-assess the whole-rock Rb–Sr data. Excluding a porphyritic granite with excess radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr, it appears that isotopic homogeneity was achieved for most samples during the 312 Ma event, as shown by a pooled 21-point isochron with an age of 311 ± 3 Ma and an initial ⁸⁶Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.7067 ± 4. Local crustal contamination by stopping of metapelitic material might account for the more radiogenic Sr isotope signature observed in biotite-rich schlieren. A critical re-evaluation of all available SHRIMP data using the ID-TIMS age of 312 Ma as a benchmark suggests that the observed scatter may be partly attributed to analytical and methodological problems, in particular failing to distinguish subtly discordant spots from truly concordant ones, which is a serious limitation of the microbeam analytical approach. Other likely pitfalls contributing to geochronological scatter are identified in the published Re–Os ages on molybdenite and the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data on micas. A scenario postulating a 15–20 milliion year evolution of the Karkonosze Pluton cannot be established on the basis of available geochronological data, which rather supports a brief igneous event, although a more protracted pre-emplacement evolution is possible. A short timescale for crystallization of large igneous bodies, as suggested by the ID-TIMS data from the Karkonosze Granite, is in line with models of transport of granitic magmas through dikes to form large plutons.     

Isotopic effect of runoff in the Yarlung Zangbo River

This paper mainly analyzed the isotopic effect of precipitation in the Yarlung Zangbo River.On the whole,the isotopic compositions of most water samples fall on the upper right of the global meteoric water line.According to δD and δ18O data of the samples,the precipitation equation is figured out as δD=8 δ18O+10,showing that they are derived from precipitation but have experienced intensive evaporation.With obvious region-continental effect(a continuous depletion in heavy isotopes in water bodies occurs with increasing distance from the coast),the water presents a reducing trend of δD and δ18O westwards and southwards.Altitudinal effect is evident here,occur-ring in both trunk stream and main branches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.The distribution of water isotopic compo-sitions is concerned with the movement of precipitation clouds from the Bay of Bengal and the Nujiang River and is affected by the topographic and climatic conditions of the Tibetan Plateau.