长江源区沼泽草甸多年冻土活动层土壤水分对模拟增温的响应

气候变化对高寒生态系统地气间水能循环过程产生强烈的影响, 因此, 气候变暖条件下的高寒生态系统水热过程和寒区流域水循环过程具有重要研究意义. 采用开顶式温室(OTC)对长江源沼泽草甸进行模拟增温试验, 分析了模拟增温对多年冻土活动层土壤水分的影响. 结果表明: 短期增温使得沼泽草甸生物量显著增加, 使得多年冻土活动层土壤冻结起始时间推迟、融化起始时间提前, 从而使融化期延长. 室外对比样地在65 cm深度存在明显的干层, 而OTC土壤水分随着深度加深不断降低. 增温使得多年冻土浅层土壤具有更高的含水量, 但并未导致表层土壤干化, 这与沼泽草甸土壤浅层密集的根系层和具有较强的持水和保水能力的有机质层有关.     

青草沙水源地工程输水闸进水井结构有限元分析

运用三维有限元Plaxis-3D Foundation模块对青草沙水源地输水闸进水井的整个施工过程进行了有限元模拟,分析了大堤和管理区加载对进水井沉降的影响,提出了控制进水井沉降的地基处理措施,得出2种控制工况下结构的变形和应力分布,为结构设计和施工提供了参考依据。     

Caldera-scale inflation of the Lazufre volcanic area, South America: Evidence from InSAR

Collapsed calderas are the structural surface expression of the largest volcanic eruptions on Earth and may reach diameters of tens of kilometres while erupting volumes larger than 1000 km³. Remnants of collapse calderas can be found along the South American volcanic arc and are thought to be inactive. However, this study shows that systems of such dimension may become active in a relatively short period of time without attracting much attention. Using satellite-based InSAR data, a 45 km wide elongated area of ground deformation was observed in the Lazufre volcanic region (Chile), where no deformation was detected 10 years ago. The deformation signal shows an uplift of up to ~ 3 cm yr^− 1 during 2003–2006, affecting an area of about 1100 km², comparable in size to super-volcanoes such as Yellowstone or Long Valley. This deformation signal can be explained by an inflating magma body at about 10 km depth, expanding and propagating laterally at a velocity of up to 4 km per year. Although it is not clear whether this intrusion will lead to an eruption, its dimensions and the rapid deformation rate insinuate that a potentially large volcanic system is forming.     

Multiple volcano deformation sources in a post-rifting period: 1989–2005 behaviour of Krafla,Iceland constrained by levelling,tilt and GPS observations

The Krafla rifting episode, which occurred in North Iceland in 1975–1984, was followed by inflation of a shallow magma chamber until 1989. At that time, gradual subsidence began above the magma chamber and has continued to the present at a declining rate. Pressure decrease in a shallow magma chamber is not the only source of deformation at Krafla, as other deformation processes are driven by exploitation of two geothermal fields, together with plate spreading. In addition, deep-seated magma accumulation appears to take place, with its centre ∼ 10 km north of the Krafla caldera. The relative strength of these sources has varied with time. New results from a levelling survey and GPS measurements in 2005 allow an updated view on the deformation field. Deformation rates spanning 2000–2005 are the lowest recorded in the 30-year history of geodetic studies at the volcano. The inferred rate of 2000–2005 subsidence related to processes in the shallow magma chamber is less than 0.3 cm/yr whereas it was ∼ 5 cm/yr in 1989–1992. Currently, the highest rate of subsidence takes place in the Leirbotnar area, within the Krafla caldera, and appears to be a result of geothermal exploitation.     

Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands

Climate change is identified as a major threat to wetlands. Altered hydrology and rising temperature can change the biogeochemistry and function of a wetland to the degree that some important services might be turned into disservices. This means that they will, for example, no longer provide a water purification service and adversely they may start to decompose and release nutrients to the surface water. Moreover, a higher rate of decomposition than primary production (photosynthesis) may lead to a shift of their function from being a sink of carbon to a source. This review paper assesses the potential response of natural wetlands (peatlands) and constructed wetlands to climate change in terms of gas emission and nutrients release. In addition, the impact of key climatic factors such as temperature and water availability on wetlands has been reviewed. The authors identified the methodological gaps and weaknesses in the literature and then introduced a new framework for conducting a comprehensive mesocosm experiment to address the existing gaps in literature to support future climate change research on wetland ecosystems. In the future, higher temperatures resulting in drought might shift the role of both constructed wetland and peatland from a sink to a source of carbon. However, higher temperatures accompanied by more precipitation can promote photosynthesis to a degree that might exceed the respiration and maintain the carbon sink role of the wetland. There might be a critical water level at which the wetland can preserve most of its services. In order to find that level, a study of the key factors of climate change and their interactions using an appropriate experimental method is necessary. Some contradictory results of past experiments can be associated with different methodologies, designs, time periods, climates, and natural variability. Hence a long-term simulation of climate change for wetlands according to the proposed framework is recommended. This framework provides relatively more accurate and realistic simulations, valid comparative results, comprehensive understanding and supports coordination between researchers. This can help to find a sustainable management strategy for wetlands to be resilient to climate change.     

海口地区火山活动初步研究

海口地区的马鞍岭-雷虎岭火山群是中国为数不多的几个休眠火山群之一。通过对区域火山活动期次划分、深部岩浆囊探测以及对火山类型、规模、物质组成和溶岩覆盖面积的分析,总结了海口地区火山活动的时、空、强特征。结合对火山区地震、地磁、体应变和地热等观测资料的分析,对火山区深部岩浆活动的状态进行了初步评估。研究认为海口全新世火山区最后一次火山喷发距今约4 000a左右,其现今火山活动已趋于平静,未来的火山活动可能向1605年琼州7.5级大地震震中区迁移     

花岗岩体的累积生长与高结晶度岩浆的分异

花岗岩成因研究是认识大陆地壳形成和分异的有效方式。野外地质和地球物理观测、岩石学和地质年代学研究以及热演化模拟证明,很多花岗岩体是在数百万年甚至更长的时间跨度内、由多次岩浆累积添加侵位而成的。地壳内可能不存在岩基尺度的大岩浆房,具有流动能力的岩浆体一般规模很小(宽度1000m)。1000m宽的岩浆体冷凝到固相线只需要数千年时间。复式岩体的形成一般要经历三个阶段,即源区岩浆沿岩墙的上升、在脆-韧性地层界面处岩墙转化为岩床以及无数的岩床的垂向堆垛导致侵入体长大。存在于上地壳的岩浆储库,特别是多次先后侵位产生的岩浆体,主体上是晶粥体,其晶体含量高,粘度大,活动性弱,不利于发生对流、分异和混合。当幔源镁铁质岩浆大规模注入到地壳时,使粘稠的晶粥状岩浆受到加热,熔体含量增大,岩浆的粘度降低,引起岩浆体内部的成分分异和不同成分的岩浆之间的混合;当逐渐加厚的熔体层产生了足够大的浮力后,特别是有挥发份加入后,就会快速上升,甚至穿透上部的晶粥体,触发大规模的火山喷发。幔源岩浆的通量越大,地壳岩浆的活动性也越强,大规模的长英质岩浆聚集就可能发生大喷发,形成超级火山。本文提出,只有将侵入岩与火山岩相结合、长英质岩石与镁铁质岩石相结合,重点从侵入体形成的时间长短、岩浆相互作用的规模和频率、岩浆通量的演变、高结晶度的岩浆分异机理、侵入岩与火山岩的关系、地幔热和物质的贡献、挥发份在岩浆分异和火山喷发中的作用等方面入手,开展野外地质、岩石学、地球化学、同位素年代学及岩浆动力学的综合研究,才能深入认识花岗岩的成因机制,深化对大陆地壳形成和演化过程的理解。     

Comparative soil CO2 flux measurements and geostatistical estimation methods on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua

We present a comparative study of soil CO₂ flux () measured by five groups (Groups 1–5) at the IAVCEI-CCVG Eighth Workshop on Volcanic Gases on Masaya volcano, Nicaragua. Groups 1–5 measured using the accumulation chamber method at 5-m spacing within a 900 m² grid during a morning (AM) period. These measurements were repeated by Groups 1–3 during an afternoon (PM) period. Measured ranged from 218 to 14,719 g m⁻² day⁻¹. The variability of the five measurements made at each grid point ranged from ±5 to 167%. However, the arithmetic means of fluxes measured over the entire grid and associated total CO₂ emission rate estimates varied between groups by only ±22%. All three groups that made PM measurements reported an 8–19% increase in total emissions over the AM results. Based on a comparison of measurements made during AM and PM times, we argue that this change is due in large part to natural temporal variability of gas flow, rather than to measurement error. In order to estimate the mean and associated CO₂ emission rate of one data set and to map the spatial distribution, we compared six geostatistical methods: arithmetic and minimum variance unbiased estimator means of uninterpolated data, and arithmetic means of data interpolated by the multiquadric radial basis function, ordinary kriging, multi-Gaussian kriging, and sequential Gaussian simulation methods. While the total CO₂ emission rates estimated using the different techniques only varied by ±4.4%, the maps showed important differences. We suggest that the sequential Gaussian simulation method yields the most realistic representation of the spatial distribution of , but a variety of geostatistical methods are appropriate to estimate the total CO₂ emission rate from a study area, which is a primary goal in volcano monitoring research.Editorial responsibility: H Shinohara