Spatial pattern analysis of fire events in Central India – A case study

The impact of fires on environment can have adverse effects. To fully understand the synoptic behaviour of fire events, information on the spatial distributions and their pattern are highly important. In this study, we used 9-year (1997–2005) integrated fire count datasets derived from Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) satellite to geographically map the distribution of fire events in the Madhya Pradesh state, central India. We then used robust spatial metrics to test the spatial pattern of fire events against the hypothesis of complete spatial randomness (CSR). Specifically, we used the index of dispersion, Green's index, in addition to nearest neighbour statistic for testing CSR. Also, quantification of clustering is carried out using Ripley's K-function. To spatially map the fire events, we used Kernel density estimation that relies on bi-variate probability density functions. Results from using different spatial pattern metrics and nearest neighbour statistics suggested relatively high clustering of fire events in the study area. In addition, results from Ripley's K-function suggested the fire events to be clustered at a lag-distance of ～60 mile radius. By converting original fire ignition locations that are based on historical records to continuous density surfaces, the probability of fire events could be mapped effectively using kernel density estimation. As each fire event is the result of certain spatial process including biophysical and anthropogenic attributes, results from this study can provide useful information on fire management at a local district level. Also, the analysis presented in this study illustrates how spatial patterns in the point datasets can be quantified using different dispersion indices, clustering and density estimation techniques.     

三维多极距中梯测深的模拟研究

多极距中梯测深法是一种效率高、信息丰富的新型体积测深技术,而当前常规多极距中梯测深应用与研究多数局限于二维空间,其三维正反演一直是人们研究的热点。本文在四面体交错网格剖分基础上,采用有限单元法对球体等三维模型进行多极距中梯测深数值模拟计算。研究表明,三维数值模拟可有效反映模型的空间分布;在不增加太多工作量的情况下,实现高效体积测深;电阻率和极化率参数模拟相结合分析,模拟精度高,稳定性好;开展倾斜铜板、铜块水槽物理模拟,模拟结果较好反映了模型的空间及电性分布,验证了多极距中梯测深的可行性和正确性,为该方法的实际应用及后续的反演工作提供了重要依据。     

Late Permian–Triassic siliciclastic provenance,palaeogeography, and crustal growth of the Songpan terrane,eastern Tibetan Plateau: evidence from U–Pb ages,trace elements,and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons

In order to constrain the detrital provenance of the siliciclastic rocks, palaeogeographic variations, and crustal growth history of central China, we carried out simultaneously in situ U–Pb dating and trace element and Hf isotope analyses on 368 detrital zircons obtained from upper Permian–Triassic sandstones of the Songpan terrane, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Two groups of detrital zircons, i.e. magmatic and metamorphic in origin, have been identified based on cathodoluminescence images, zircon Ti-temperatures, and Th/U ratios. Our data suggest that the derivation of siliciclastic rocks in the Songpan terrane was mainly from the Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogens, whereas the Yangtze and North China Cratons served as minor source areas during late Permian–Triassic times. The detrital zircons from Middle–Late Triassic siliciclastic rocks exhibit wide age spectra with two dominant populations of 230–600 Ma and >1600 Ma, peaking at ~1.8–1.9 Ga and ~2.4–2.5 Ga, suggestive of a derivation from the Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogens and the Yangtze Craton being the minor source area. The proportions of detrital zircon populations from the northern Qinling, Qilian, and Kunlun orogens distinctly decreased during Middle–Late Triassic time, demonstrating that the initial uplift of the western Qinling occurred then and it could have blocked most of the detritus from the Qilian–northern Qinling orogens and North China Cratons into the main Songpan–Ganzi depositional basin. The relatively detrital zircon proportions of the Yangtze Craton source decreased during Early-Middle Late Triassic time, indicating that the Longmenshan orogen was probably being elevated, since the early Late Triassic and gradually formed a barrier between the Yangtze Craton and the Songpan terrane. In addition, our Lu–Hf isotopic results also reveal that the Phanerozoic magmatic rocks in central China had been the primary products of crustal reworking with insignificant formation of a juvenile crust.     

Geochemical characteristics of iron ore deposits in central eastern Turkey: an approach to their genesis

ABSTRACT

Economically the most important iron deposits of Turkey occur as: (1) skarn-hosted (SH)-type ore deposits, occurring along the contacts between syenitic-monzonitic intrusives and limestone or serpentine; (2) vein-type deposits, found between the serpentine and limestone (SLH); or (3) ore deposits that are entirely within the limestone (LH).

Elemental associations are defined as: Fe+Ni+Cr+U+Bi+Rb+Mg+Ga for the SH-type ores; Fe+Cr+Mn+Nb+V for the SLH-type ores; and Fe+Ag+Au+Cr+Ba+As+Pb+Sb+Ni for the LH-type ores. Positive correlations between Fe, U, Bi, and Rb for the SH type indicate that late magmatic hydrothermal input was related to monzonitic intrusions. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of the 14 deposits show very weak light/heavy REE (LREE/HREE) fractionation. Similarities of REE patterns, particularly between the SH and LH types, may indicate a common source of REEs and Fe. Ce depletion in the LH ores indicates long-term fluid flow and interaction with marine sediments. Ni, Cr, and V enrichment of all deposits indicates that iron was scavenged from the serpentinized ultra-basic-basic rocks and transported along fracture zones by hydrothermal solutions driven by intrusions. The iron deposits were formed around the magmatic bodies, or tectonic contacts between the serpentine and the limestone.     

中国中部地区城市影响范围划分方法的比较

随着城市化、区域一体化的不断推进,各种类型的城市与区域规划陆续推出。其中,识别城市的腹地范围、促进城市与腹地的协同发展是其关键内容。因此,城市影响范围的划分具有重要的现实意义。已有的研究成果多以单一年份的静态研究及单一方法的应用研究为主,缺乏时间序列上的动态演变分析,更无多种方法综合集成分析。正是基于以上考虑,在详细梳理与比较不同理论的差异性基础上,采用引力模型和改进场模型两种方法对中国中部地区的城市影响范围进行测度和比较研究,细致比较这两种基于不同视角的模型方法在识别城市影响范围的优势与劣势,进而提出综合集成研究的基本框架,分析中国中部地区城市影响范围及其动态变化特征。希望能为合理选择和运用城市影响范围的分析方法,有效制定区域等级体系规划、城市空间组织方案提供科学参考。     

黔中高原面石漠化演变典型案例研究——以普定后寨河地区为例

定量分析石漠化的演变过程,有助于客观认识石漠化、了解喀斯特石漠化的成因和开展石漠化的综合治理。选取位于黔中高原普定县境内的后寨河地区,基于1963年、1978年、2005年和2010年的高精度影像,研究了石漠化的演变过程和影响因素。结果发现,研究区1963年、1978年、2005年和2010年石漠化综合指数分别为1.5042、1.3311、1.2176和1.2376,说明研究区的退化石漠化总体上在恢复。1963-2010年,一直保持不变的石漠化占2010年石漠化的43.76%,15°~25°、>25°坡度范围内的强度石漠化比例基本保持不变,距聚落>900 m范围,强度石漠化的比例从1963年28.6%下降到2010年的10.6%。研究区石漠化广泛分布的中部10个村级单位不同土地利用类型的石漠化发生情况表明,各村陡坡耕地普遍发生严重的石漠化,较多坡耕地的存在仍是土地石漠化的驱动因素。     

广东清远市漂流旅游优势与竞争态势分析

广东清远市作为中国第一个也是目前唯一一个“中国漂流之乡”,近几年来,漂流旅游发展得如火如荼,已经成为广东漂流旅游发展得最成功、最成熟的地方以及全国最著名漂流地之一。笔者认为清远市发展漂流旅游的优势在于其气候和资源、区位交通、客源市场及规模集聚效应等方面,其目前面临着来自省内同类产品和非同类产品以及周边省区同类产品的竞争。要实现清远市漂流旅游的可持续迅速发展,需要做好清远漂流旅游品牌整体形象的塑造、多功能综合性漂流旅游区的建设、漂流旅游安全管理、从业人员的总体素质、对外宣传营销以及漂流旅游发展的总体规划等六方面的工作。     

基于企业微观视角的城市区域生产网络空间组织研究——以粤东城镇群服装生产为例

城镇间的产业联系是城市(镇)群研究的重要内容之一,然而传统研究多使用宏观统计数据,缺少从企业微观层面对城市产业联系的研究,难以清晰刻画城镇之间复杂的产业联系。随着社会网络分析方法在多学科的运用,城镇群生产网络空间组织的可视化表达和定量分析成为可能。选择粤东城镇群的服装生产为案例,通过深度访谈构建企业关系数据库,运用社会网络分析软件直观模拟城镇群区域服装生产网络,探讨城镇空间结构与生产网络之间的内在联系。结果发现:① 粤东城镇群区域内形成了复杂的生产网络,从网络结构上看,大部分节点存在于一个大的网络中,建立直接或间接联系,仅有个别点或小集团孤立在外,网络中各企业的度数中心度和中间中心度存在较大差别;② 从网络空间上看,汕头同潮州和普宁都存在密切联系,但潮州和普宁之间缺少联系,而汕尾孤立于汕潮揭之外;③ 各等级城镇在粤东城镇群区域服装生产网络中发挥了不同的作用,城镇的专业化与区域的多样化共同推动服装生产的网络化。为城镇群内部经济联系研究提供了新的思路与方法,对城镇群网络化建设具有参考价值。     

Restricted four-body problem. The case of a central configuration: Libration points and their stability

We consider the problem of the motion of a zero-mass body in the vicinity of a system of three gravitating bodies forming a central configuration.We study the case where two gravitating bodies of equal mass lie on the same straight line and rotate around the central body with the same angular velocity. Equations for calculating the equilibrium positions in this system have been derived. The stability of the equilibrium points for a system of three gravitating bodies is investigated. We show that, as in the case of libration points for two bodies, the collinear points are unstable; for the triangular points, there exists a ratio of the mass of the central body to the masses of the extreme bodies, 11.720349, at which stability is observed.     

冀中饶阳凹陷蠡县斜坡北段古近系沙河街组沉积相及成藏有利区带

通过沉积环境、沉积特征、测井相和地震相等综合分析,认为蠡县斜坡北部主要目的层段古近系沙河街组沙一下段、沙二段及沙三上段发育退积式扇三角洲、辫状河和进积式辫状河三角洲3种沉积相类型。研究结果表明,蠡县斜坡北部沙一下段半环形扇三角洲前缘相带、沙二段河流相分流河道的主体部位及沙三上段辫状河三角洲各期分流河道的边缘相带砂体,是油气藏的主要储集体,其储集物性良好,加上良好的烃源岩层和有利的盖层,具有形成油气藏的优越条件,因此是下一步油藏勘探的重点,其中沙三段将是圈闭优选的主要突破口。