祖母绿矿床研究现状

祖母绿矿床多为花岗岩浆期后酸性热液交代基性-超基性岩之产物。祖母绿通常呈不均匀浸染状或斑晶赋存变质片岩或其与酸性岩脉的接触带中,可将其分为热液型、气成-热液型和伟晶岩型几类矿床．包裹体研究对确定祖母绿宝石的成因、成矿地质环境条件、鉴定天然和人工宝石、确定其产地及评定其质量等级有着重要意义．我国对云南麻坡祖母绿矿床已做过较深入的研究,此外,新疆阿尔泰山、天山、甘肃北山、内蒙古中部、湖南幕阜山、四川九龙、平武等亦都有绿柱石类宝石产出．新疆发现一处碳酸岩脉祖母绿矿床,颇具前景。当前我国祖母绿研究中应加强对矿床分类、成矿及生长结晶作用、包裹体的深入研究并对已有线索加大研究及勘查力度．     

Relating root causes to local risk conditions: A comparative study of the institutional pathways to small-scale disasters in three urban flood contexts

The continued rise of global disaster losses pushes our attention yet further to the causal factors that drive risks, beyond the frame of standardised risk assessment models. A key gap in our understanding of the causality of disasters remains establishing how spatially and temporally distant factors – ‘root causes’ – drive local risk conditions. This is particularly the case for small-scale but high-impact disasters. It includes understanding the role that institutions play in influencing such pathways of risk production. This paper addresses this question using a holistic approach to risk analysis that links past drivers to contemporary conditions. We apply this in three case studies of coastal flood management in urban areas of differential size and integration within the European Union - Rethymno (Crete), Genoa (Italy) and St Maarten (Dutch Caribbean). The paper reveals the importance of local institutions in mediating the impacts of higher-level economic and political changes on local risks. It provides new empirical evidence of the relationship between austerity, institutional reform and local disaster risk reduction. The analysis supports a stronger causal epistemology of resilience to disasters but also leads to re-consideration of the institutional entry points for risk reduction, and the importance of considering context and trade-offs.     

攀枝花一次特重旱灾发生特点及成因分析

2009年秋~2010年春,四川川西南山地,以攀枝花为代表的秋冬春特重旱灾,是中国西南大旱灾害的重要组成部分。本文采用1965~2010年攀枝花所属台站有连续气象记录以来的观测资料进行统计分析,并依据旱灾气候背景、气象干旱指标和灾情评估规定,对该区域、该时段特大干旱发生的特点及成因进行了综合分析。结果表明,本次干旱是在攀枝花季节性干旱背景下,因长时间少雨而形成的持续时间长、影响范围广、旱灾程度深的极端气候事件。     

青藏公路日月山峡谷段反季节滑坡成因分析

论述了青藏公路(109国道)日月山一倒淌河峡谷段高边坡反季节(寒冬季节)频繁突发特大滑坡地质灾害特殊性,并分析了青藏公路反季节滑坡地质灾害的成因.     

公路桥梁水毁防治对策

好的桥梁设计不仅结构设计要达到安全可靠和经济合理,而且应当要求全部设计包括水文,水力设计等都达到安全可靠和经济合理才行.所以,要特别考虑今后河道变迁等因素对桥梁存在的潜在危害.通过对部分公路桥梁水毁的调查,本文就公路桥梁水毁的原因进行了分析,提出了防治对策.     

2009年11月中旬广东省强冷空气的特点及成因

利用常规气象观测资料和NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,分析了2009年11月中旬广东省强冷空气的特点和成因,结果表明:此次强冷空气的特点是出现时间早、日平均气温低、气温回升缓慢、降水偏多;发生的可能气候成因是大气环流从纬向型调整为经向型,以及厄尔尼诺事件的间接影响。     

Detection, Causes and Projection of Climate Change over China： An Overview of Recent Progress

This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years.It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global average.The country-averaged annual mean surface air temperature has increased by 1.1℃over the past 50 years and 0.5-0.8℃over the past 100 years,slightly higher than the global temperature increase for the same periods.Northern China and winter have experienced the greatest increases in surface air temperature.Although no significant trend has been found in country-averaged annual precipitation, interdecadal variability and obvious trends on regional scales are detectable,with northwestern China and the mid and lower Yangtze River basin having undergone an obvious increase,and North China a severe drought.Some analyses show that frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events have also undergone significant changes in the past 50 years or so. Studies of the causes of regional climate change through the use of climate models and consideration of various forcings,show that the warming of the last 50 years could possibly be attributed to an increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases,while the temperature change of the first half of the 20th century may be due to solar activity,volcanic eruptions and sea surface temperature change.A significant decline in sunshine duration and solar radiation at the surface in eastern China has been attributed to the increased emission of pollutants. Projections of future climate by models of the NCC(National Climate Center,China Meteorological Administration)and the IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),as well as 40 models developed overseas,indicate a potential significant warming in China in the 21st century,with the largest warming set to occur in winter months and in northern China.Under varied emission scenarios,the country-averaged annual mean temperature is projected to increase by 1.5-2.1℃by 2020,2.3-3.3℃by 2050, and by 3.9-6.0℃by 2100,in comparison to the 30-year average of 1961 1990.Most models project a 10% 12% increase in annual precipitation in China by 2100,with the trend being particularly evident in Northeast and Northwest China,but with parts of central China probably undergoing a drying trend.Large uncertainty exists in the projection of precipitation,and further studies are needed.Furthermore,anthropogenic climate change will probably lead to a weaker winter monsoon and a stronger summer monsoon in eastern Asia.     

影响黄土湿陷性因素的微观试验研究

借助扫描电子显微镜和光学数码显微镜, 分析了不同含水率黄土试样表面微区结构变化与黄土湿陷性的关系和不同埋深土样在水与外力共同作用下湿陷前后微观结构的变化特征。利用图像处理软件对所获取的微结构图像进行研究, 分析了黄土湿陷前后土样中大、中、小孔隙和微孔隙数量的变化。结果表明:湿陷后比湿陷前土样微孔隙增多31.18%, 小孔隙增多54.07%, 中孔隙减少30.49%, 大孔隙减少90.14%。这说明随着压力的不断增大, 黄土中的孔隙被逐渐压缩, 大孔隙和中孔隙的数量逐渐减少, 小孔隙和微孔隙的数量逐渐增加, 为黄土的湿陷变形提供了充分的空间。讨论了土样中4类孔隙对黄土湿陷的贡献量, 从微观角度综合分析了黄土湿陷的成因机理。     

浅谈学校电教室防雷

对电子教室教学存在雷击安全隐患进行了分析,并提出了综合的防护措施,为今后学校电教室雷电防护的安装、维护提供参考。     

南海北部大陆架残留风成沙与海岸带古风成沙的对比及关系研究

广泛分布于南海北部大陆架的残留风成沙,在形态、粒度、石英沙粒表面微结构、矿物组成及浅地层剖面等方面总体上具备风成沉积特征。同时,南海北部沙质海岸多处发育的晚更新世古风成沙,在粒度、沉积构造与结构等方面亦有明显的风成沉积特征。二者构成的风沙地貌体发育具有同期性、形态有相似性、空间分布有大陆架向海岸带延伸的连续性。由此表明,南海北部大陆架与毗邻沙质海岸的沙源有同源性,沉积环境有类比性。据此可以认为,南海北部大陆架残留风成沙与海岸带古风成沙为近源沉积成因系列,二者为同期同相连续性沉积。