Diurnal and vertical variability of pH, [O2], and Eh in the Novosibirsk water reservoir

In situ data on the daily dynamics of pH, [O₂], and E_h values at five water layer depths were obtained. Some regularities have been established: All these parameters are characterized by significant diurnal fluctuations and their daily cyclic recurrence; the diurnal cycles of pH and [O₂] nearly coincide (they show close extreme points on the time scale); the E_h cycles are less distinct and antisymbatic to the pH and [O₂] cycles, but typical E_h extremes sometimes lag by 2–3 h. These data were analyzed using the principle of equilibrium locality and partiality. The main flows of O₂ and CO₂ in the system have been revealed with regard to the water layer–atmosphere gas exchange, absorption of CO₂ by phytoplankton in the photic layer, breathing of phyto- and zooplankton, birth and die-off of biota, settling of mortomass, and redistribution of detailed components within the water layer as well as between it and the bottom sediments. On the basis of the results obtained, the known technique for estimating the content of primary photosynthesis products (Bruevich's method) was corrected. The used generalized algorithm of chemical thermodynamic analysis of the substance state in aqueous systems can be applied to waters of different classes as well as any surficial waters if E_h, pH, and [O₂] are taken into account.     

基于倾斜摄影测量技术的智慧城市5D产品制作工艺实现

近年来,倾斜摄影测量技术成为测绘行业的热点技术。随着倾斜摄影测量技术的快速发展,我国开始尝试应用倾斜摄影测量技术获取的航空影像制作数字化测绘产品。阐述基于倾斜摄影测量技术进行城市实景三维模型、DSM、DEM、DOM、TDOM的智慧城市5D测绘产品制作工艺研究,并介绍将此工艺实际应用于昆明市507km2的主城区5D产品制作的实施情况及可行性分析。     

湖南区域特色农业发展研究

特色农业是当今世界农业日益商品化、市场化、社会化的必然选择,也是促进我国农业结构优化的重要途径之一.湖南发展特色农业具有自然生态环境优越、社会经济条件相对有利、农业技术力量雄厚,而且发展已有一定基础等优势.但其发展现状与湖南农业大省的地位极不相称,主要表现在特色农业布局分散,规模偏小;加工工业落后,营销水平不高以及农业开发落后,优质特色品牌农产品稀少等问题.为使湖南农产品数量优势转变为质量优势,由农业大省转变为农业强省,必须加快湖南区域特色农业的发展.为此,在生产经营上必须突出重点,调整布局;实施系统工程     

The human impact on natural rock reserves using basalt,anorthosite, and carbonates as raw materials in insulation products

Typical crustal rocks such as basalt, limestone, and anorthosite are used in stone wool insulation products. The raw materials for stone wool production are not specific to any rare mineral source but depend upon the mixture of materials having the correct chemical composition, exemplified by 40 wt% basalt, 20 wt% anorthosite, and 40 wt% cement-bonded renewable materials. This study provides an overview of the natural cycle of these resources, including their abundances in nature, and sets the consumption by the stone wool industry and other human activities in perspective.

Basalt, anorthosite, and carbonates are widespread on all continents. Although basaltic rocks cover most of the ocean floor, these reserves are hidden below several kilometres of water and therefore are regarded as inaccessible. Instead, large igneous provinces on land constitute major basaltic reserves useful for human rock exploration. Globally, anorthositic provinces comprise smaller volumes than do limestone or basalt, but still occur in sufficient amounts to supply for the production of insulation materials indefinitely. An evaluation of the modern consumption rates and reserves shows that the crustal inventories of these rock types are so large that they could supply current human demand for millions of years.

The natural degradation of surface rocks occurs by physical and chemical weathering creating sediment that is transported along rivers and deposited in the ocean. Sediments are either obducted with continental lithosphere or subducted with oceanic crust and recycled through the mantle by plate tectonics. Insulation products have a chemical composition similar to average crustal rocks and participate in the natural rock cycle. However, these products need not accumulate in nature, inasmuch as old insulation materials serve as excellent source materials for new products. Moreover, current production lines exploit more than 30 natural and 20–30 synthetic source materials that circumvent regional depletion and contribute to the recycling of other industrial materials.     

三塘湖盆地上二叠统芦草沟组烃源岩地球化学特征

三塘湖盆地上二叠统芦草沟组分布面积广、厚度大、有机碳含量高,具好的生烃潜力,是盆地内主力烃源岩。烃源岩样品可溶有机质中含有丰富的脂肪酸、脂肪酸酯等含羰基化合物,随着埋深增加,饱和烃和芳烃含量递增,非烃含量和有机碳则呈递减趋势,表明含羰基化合物对源岩生烃有较大的贡献。饱和烃的各项指标显示,烃源岩的沉积环境为咸化湖相还原环境,母质输入以水生生物为主,陆源物质输入较少。诸多证据表明,在沉积初期和成岩早期细菌输入较多,细菌输入有机质构成了原始有机质的一部分,细菌改造原始有机质并产生前述含羰基化合物,在热作用和微生物作用下均可成烃。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部地区延安组煤层自燃烧变产物及其特征

煤层自燃是世界范围内普遍存在的一种地质现象,但针对煤层自燃形成的产物尚缺乏系统研究。我国鄂尔多斯盆地北部地区延安组煤层在地史时期普遍发生自燃,研究中主要针对该地区的煤层自燃烧变产物的特征进行系统分析。结果表明,煤层烧变产物包括烧变残留煤、煤灰、烧变岩三类,其纵向和横向剖面上具有明显的分带规律,对其岩石物理学、地球化学等特征分析显示较原岩(煤、泥岩、砂岩)发生了不同程度的变化,可将其看成一类特殊的变质岩类。     

大气气溶胶的卫星遥感及其在气候和环境研究中的应用

卫星遥感可以获得全球范围的大气气溶胶光学特性,目前国内外已有多颗卫星观测能够提供气溶胶特性的资料。本文综述性介绍国内外卫星遥感气溶胶特性方面的研究进展和成果,并讨论了卫星遥感资料在气候和环境研究领域中的应用。主要内容包括:极轨/静止卫星平台搭载的被动遥感传感器及其反演气溶胶特性的方法;星载激光雷达获取气溶胶光学特性的方法;国内外正在研发的新一代卫星主、被动气溶胶遥感探测器;卫星气溶胶产品在气溶胶辐射强迫、气候效应、大尺度污染输送、区域空气质量监测等研究中的应用。     

流域遥感:内涵与挑战

遥感在流域综合管理与流域科学研究中得到广泛应用并发挥着不可替代的作用。重点阐述了流域遥感的内涵、进展与面临的挑战,系统总结了相关的流域遥感数据产品。流域遥感研究流域下垫面、水循环、水资源、水灾害、流域生态的遥感解析能力并提供相关的遥感数据产品。流域遥感数据产品正逐步成为不断更新的公共产品和服务,满足了流域管理监测信息及时性、完整性、连续性和高精度的要求。流域遥感与云计算的结合,可降低流域遥感数据产品生成的技术瓶颈;与云服务结合,可降低流域遥感数据产品的应用难度和成本,将是流域遥感走向实用的主流方向,从而为流域综合管理提供全方位的信息支撑。     

MDERF产品在贵州月气候预测中的释用

基于MDERF(Monthly Dynamic Extension Range Forecast)模式输出500hPa位势高度场资料和贵州各月干旱综合指数、降水和气温等历史样本,利用秩序回归降尺度法,研究该方法对贵州月干旱综合指数、降水和气温的预报技巧和预测效果.结果表明:该方法从穷尽所有因子组合中选出彼此独立的3个最佳组合因子共同作为预报因子,从而增强可预报性;模型5 a回报试验和2007年8月试报结果表明该方法在实际预测业务中的应用潜力;各气候要素多年的距平相关系数评分比较稳定,其中月干旱综合指数、降水距平百分率、气温距平全年平均距平相关系数评分分别为0.14、0.15和0.14;各气候要素中月气温预报的Pc最高,平均为73%.综合分析表明,该方法在月动力延伸预报产品对贵州月气候要素预测释用中具有较好的应用前景.     

利用数值预报产品制作府环河流域面雨量预报试验

以府环河流域内所有加密自动气象站降水资料为基础,使用泰森多边形法计算实况面雨量,利用T213、GRAPES、MM5、JAPAN和GERMANY数值预报模式短期降水预报产品,将其在府环河流域上所有格点资料的算术平均值作为预报因子,采用灰色预测GM（0,h）模型,制作府环河流域24h、48h面雨量预报。经过2007年主汛期6～8月预报业务实际应用,其面雨量预报能力较强,其中面雨量暴雨预报Ts综合评分,24h的为52．0％,48h的为40.0％。