Wave Energy Study in China: Advancements and Perspectives

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Sunlight and tidal interaction as a mechanism of carbon transport in an ice-covered region: Results of a coupled ice–ocean ecosystem model

In order to clarify the mechanism of carbon transport in an ice-covered ecosystem in Lake Saroma (44^°N${44}^{°}\mathrm{N}$, 143^°E${143}^{°}\mathrm{E}$, Hokkaido, Japan), a three-dimensional numerical calculation using a coupled ice–ocean ecosystem model was conducted. This model comprises an ocean ecosystem model, an ice ecosystem model, and equations for the coupling between ice and ocean. Comparisons of calculated results with observational data confirm that the calculation well reproduced the in situ phenomena with respect to tides, tidal currents, concentrations of POC and chlorophyll a in ice and in water, and sinking fluxes beneath the ice. The analysis of the organic carbon budget based on the calculation reveals that tide-induced transport, the enhancement of biological production in a pelagic system, and the physical release of organic matter from ice associated with ice-melting are important factors affecting the carbon transport during the ice-melting season. The carbon transport has a one-day time cycle. This is because principal driving forces are sunlight, and diurnal tides. The described mechanism of “sunlight and tidal pumping” is one of the most important features of carbon transport in a coupled ice–water ecosystem.     

基于Arc／INFO的地学信息系统的设计与开发

论文主要研究了基于GIS技术和数据融合技术的地学信息系统的开发问题。采用国际先进的硬件、软件作为开发平台，建立了一个比较完善的湖南省国土资源地学信息系统。系统功能除常规空间信息查询外，还包括缓冲区分析、叠置分析、地质成图等各种复杂的分析功能。它为湖南省国土资源地学信息管理提供了一个重要手段，为区域地质找矿提供了一种新的研究思路。     

Tracing sediment movement in interrill overland flow on a semi-arid grassland hillslope using magnetic susceptibility

Experiments were undertaken to determine the feasibility of tracing sediment movement in interrill overland flow. Crushed magnetite was introduced as a source-line 10 cm wide by 8 m long on a runoff plot 18 m wide by 29 m long located in southern Arizona. Initial magnetic susceptibilities along this source line, and along three transects located 0·25, 2·95 and 5 m downslope of the source-line, were measured. Movement of the magnetite in response to three rainfall simulation experiments was monitored. During the first two experiments, overland flow discharge was sampled at miniature flumes located along two cross sections on the plot downslope of the source-line, and at a supercritical flume at the plot outlet. Magnetic susceptibilities along the source-line and transects were measured after all three experiments. Results show that the magnetite moves very early in the experiments and that it reaches one of the flumes 2 m downslope of the source-line in 3 min. Most of the tracer moves a very short distance: 29·7 per cent is deposited within 25 cm of the source-line and only 2·2 per cent is deposited 2·95 m away. The deposition rate appears to decrease exponentially away from the source-line. Very little magnetite is recorded in the flow through the miniature flumes: in general it makes up less than 1 per cent of the total sediment load. No temporal pattern in these percentages is observed. Magnetite appears to be an effective tracer of sediment movement in interrill overland flow, though its higher density than natural soil may affect its detachment and transport.     

有咸水区深层淡水可持续利用研究

天津市东丽区第四系Ⅱ组深层淡水在长期较强开采状态下未发生水位持续下降及大面积深层淡水成化污染,十余年来地层沉降基本消失.该地多年来中更新统淡水及上更新统、全新统咸水水位具有同步不等幅的动态,证明它们之间联系密切,地层中渗透系数小于10-3m/d的历次海侵沉积层及压实的粘土层具有半透膜特性,咸水越流补给第Ⅱ承压含水组的是淡水.适量加大Ⅱ组淡水开采强度,使其产生越流系统,稳定后不会再加大地面沉降.最终使全新统地下水下入渗水位降低,夺取潜水蒸发的水量.在有咸水分布区,地表入渗水是尚没有引起足够重视的可持续利用地下淡水的补给来源.     

基于膨胀算法的缓冲区分析的设计与实现

介绍了一种基于图像膨胀算法实现矢量数据缓冲区分析的新算法。该算法将地理实体栅格化后依据用户指定的宽度，反复交替使用8连通膨胀与4连通膨胀，直至达到指定的宽度为止，最后提取出膨胀后图像的边界。该算法具有思路简单，算法稳定，易于实现的特点。     

渤海湾莱州湾东岸海岸带人为地质灾害研究

在人类活动中，渤海莱州湾东岸海岸带形成了地表塌陷、河槽变形、海水入侵、海岸侵蚀等一系列地质灾害。由人为活动方式的不同，海岸带地质灾害存在结构与特征上的诸多差异，不同地质灾害在时空成因上有内在的联系。海岸带地质灾害防治的对策主要包括：建立以3S为基本技术支持的现代海岸带资源与环境管理系统；海岸带规划和海岸带环境变化研究三个方面。首次提出了海岸带缓冲区的概念，以及海岸带缓冲区规划和建设的初步构想。     

GIS-BASED STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EARTHQUAKES AND ACTIVE FAULTS IN SHANGHAI AND ITS ADJACENT OFFSHORE REGION, EAST CHINA

The relation between earthquakes and active faults in Shanghai and its adjacent offshore region is quantitatively evaluated using GIS-based buffer and overlay analysis techniques. Statistics on the distance from the epicenter of an earthquake to its nearest active fault suggest that most earthquakes in the study are aoccurred within 10 to 20 km of major active faults. The strikes of active faults have significant influences on the occurrence of earthquakes. The NE-NNE-striked faults are less active than NW-NNW- or EW-striked faults. Along the NW-NNW- or EW-striked faults, the frequency of earthquakes is much higher than that along NE-NNE-striked faults. The time of fault activity has some degree of influence on the earthquakes. The newer the faults, the higher the frequency of earthquakes within the zone of the faults.     

GIS技术在勉略阳地区多金属找矿预测上的研究与应用

利用现代化计算工具，用MAPGIS地理信息系统软件的空间分析模块，对勉略阳地区化探异常进行信息处理，通过信息提取、信息关联、信息综合等信息处理过程，挖掘各种异常信息，定量圈定不同类型化探异常，并在此基础上进行初步成矿预测。     

Geochemical demobilization of metallic pollutants in solid waste—implications for arsenic in waterworks sludges

During stabilization or demobilization of contaminants in solid waste materials, different approaches can be taken, which also can be combined: (1) sufficient long-term buffer capacity can be provided, according to the environmental conditions; (2) permeability for dissolved contaminants can be reduced by secondary mineral precipitations or by soft gels injected into the pore space of the waste body; and (3) new formations of ‘reservoir minerals' can incorporate potential pollutants in their internal structure. Emphasizing the geochemical engineering approach, two examples are presented from the field of water management, both focussing on the demobilization of arsenic species. The first example (after Driehaus, W., 1994. Arsenentfernung mit Mangandioxid und Eisenhydroxid in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung. Vol. 133, Ser. 15, VDI-Reports, Düsseldorf, 117 pp.) relates to the problems during purification of arsenic-rich raw water, suggesting the potential application of iron and manganese oxide minerals as oxidizing agents and mineral lattice structures for the elimination of arsenic. In the second example, contaminated sludges from water treatment plants were investigated for their leaching characteristics and long-term stability. A pH-stat test procedure was used to assess the leaching characteristics of metals at typical pH values. Due to the presence of iron and manganese oxides pentavalent arsenic is protected against conversion into the mobile trivalent form at neutral to low pH. Experimental data suggest that co-disposal with reducing organic matter and alkaline stabilization material or wastes could negatively influence the binding properties and, therefore, should be avoided.