A Radar-Based Investigation of Lake Breezes in Southern Manitoba,Canada

Lake breezes are thermally direct circulations that form as a result of the differential heating of land and water and are important in modifying local climate and triggering convection; they have also been linked to tornadogenesis. Although lake breezes are generally well understood, studies of smaller lakes have been relatively scarce, and none have examined lake-breeze circulations in southern Manitoba even though they are seemingly apparent on weather radar. The objectives of this paper are to provide a radar-based analysis of lake-breeze frequency and characteristics in southern Manitoba, determine the detectability of lake-breeze fronts using the radar analysis with data collected in 2013, assess the types of lake-breeze circulations that occur, and examine the meteorological conditions in which they occur. Between 2008 and 2013, lake-breeze fronts were noted on 205 days using radar over the summer months, accounting for 37% of study days, with an average of 11–12 days with lake-breeze fronts each month. These findings agree fairly well with, and are only slightly less than, frequencies reported for Lake Michigan but are lower than the most recent findings for southern Ontario. In an effort to validate the results, a broad comparison between the radar analysis and a more complete analysis using satellite and surface stations is provided for 2013 demonstrating that radar is more useful for detecting lake breezes around Lake Manitoba than around Lake Winnipeg. Lake-breeze circulations originating on Lake Manitoba and the Shoal lakes were classified into three types. The distribution of types for the Shoal lakes was similar to previous findings by other authors with “moderate deformation” circulations being the most frequent. Finally, a brief meteorological analysis was completed for each month of this study. The results of the analysis were inconclusive with no single meteorological factor being consistently well correlated to higher or lower lake-breeze frequency.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE TIBL PROFILES AND THE LOCAL SEA BREEZE CIRCULATION IN COASTAL AREAS

A two-dimensional nonlinear PBL numerical model using an energy closure (E-ε)method has been employed to study the sea breeze circulation and TIBL in coastal areas. The main characteristics of sea breeze obtained from numerical experiments agree with those from general observation facts. The depth of sea breeze ranges from 300 to 900 meters, maximum velocity from 1.5 m/s to 4 m/s, and its height from 100 m to 300 m. The agreement between comparisons reveals that the performance of the model is good, and the selected experiment conditions are reasonable. This paper refits the function of TIBL profiles using the Weisman's formula and the exponent value is considered to change with the different states of sea breeze. Numerical experiment results indicate that the exponent of the TIBL profile, ranging from 0.4 to 1.1, is related to the strength and depth of the sea breeze. The exponent of 0.5 is suitable only when sea breeze is fully developed. This paper also gives various exponents under different sea breezes.     

Study of ozone distribution over the south-eastern France (ESCOMPTE campaign): discrimination between ozone tendencies due to chemistry and to transport

Ozone tendencies due to chemistry and transport are calculated by a mesoscale model using a fine horizontal resolution (3 km × 3 km), over South-Eastern France. Over that region where the anthropogenic emissions are very strong, ozone pollution is highlighted during two intensive observations periods of the ESCOMPTE campaign, when the sea breeze penetrates far into the Durance and Rhone valleys and the up-slope breezes are developed. From a fine analysis of time series of ozone concentration at different ground stations along these valleys and from numerical results, it is possible to discriminate the tendency due to chemistry from the tendency due to dynamical processes. We can distinguish both processes, either local chemical production/loss or dynamical increase/decrease (transport, deposition) on maps of ozone budget according to the meteorological conditions. In particular, we show that the variations due to transport can be have the same order of magnitude than those due to chemistry, reaching 20 ppbv h⁻¹, whereas those due to chemistry are around 30 ppbv h⁻¹.     

两种背景场改进方案对新疆“狭管”风区风场预报性能评估

为了客观评价Wind Energy Resource Assessment System /CMA(简称WERAS/CMA)系统(CTL方案)和将其中的客观分析法改成四维同化系统(简称FDDA方案)对既受狭管效应影响、又受湖陆风影响的阿拉山口和达坂城-小草湖风区起伏下垫面中的风能资源数值模拟的优劣,根据2009年7、10月和2010年1、4月 12UTC的NCEP再分析资料以及同期CMACAST下发的WMO各种常规观测资料开展了风场预报效果对比实验。结果表明:(1)对复杂区域而言,两种方案比过去单纯只用中尺度模式进行风场模拟的平均相对误差至少减小10%;(2)总体而言,两种方案对70 m高度处的风速模拟误差要大于30、50、100 m处的误差,在受多种环流尺度影响区域,模式在刻画平均风速/风向频率廓线方面的缺陷均极其相似;(3)在70 m高度上,两种方案5 m·s^-1以内的风速平均相对误差可达60%～130%,>5 m·s^-1的误差可控制在15%以内;对受湖陆风影响区域的模拟误差明显偏大,误差大小与湖陆风效应的季节变化有关; (4)两种方案均能抓住70 m左右高度上不同等级风速段的气候背景,对达坂城风区5～15 m·s^-1风速段的Ts预报评分可达0.6～0.7,对阿拉山口和小草湖风区≤5 m·s^-1风速段的Ts预报评分分别可达0.6～0.7和0.9左右。然而,对达坂城风区≤5 m·s^-1风速段的Ts预报评分仅0.3～0.4;(5)两种方案对所有风区需采取停机保护措施的、15 m·s^-1以上强风预报的Ts评分仅在0.4～0.6;(6)同一测风塔不同高度上,FDDA方案对风的预报效果不一定总优于CTL方案,但在70 m高度上,FDDA总体略优于CTL;即使同一风区,各个测风塔之间两种方案的预报效果也是因局地多尺度环流影响的不同或因预报的高度不同或预报季节的不同而异,这种预报误差差异的机理还有待探究。     

青海湖湖陆风的数值研究

用一个含植被参数化的二维中尺度模式研究青海湖夏季的湖陆风,模拟结果再次表明该模式具有重现局地中尺度环境特征,如冷（热）岛环境和湿岛等。同时表明,模式对植被覆盖度是敏感的,即有稀疏植被覆盖（σ＝３０％）情况的湖陆风白天比裸地情况要小,夜间则大,湖岸水平温度（或湿度）梯度随植被覆盖度增加而减小。     

城市热岛与海风锋叠加作用对一次局地强降水的影响

利用常规观测资料、天津255 m气象塔资料、多普勒雷达资料和VDRAS反演资料及中尺度TJ WRF模式输出资料,对2010年8月16日天津城区出现的一次局地强降水过程进行分析,重点分析了城市热岛与海风锋叠加作用对此次局地强降水的触发机制。结果表明：此次局地强降水发生在低层槽后弱的反环流条件下,具有明显的γ中尺度对流降水特征;城市热岛效应能造成局地的热力不均匀,这对形成地面中尺度辐合线非常有利。海风锋由岸边向市区移动中与中尺度辐合线相遇,能激发局地不稳定能量的释放,从而产生强对流天气。城市热岛对海风锋的移动有明显阻挡作用;当海风锋移到城市热岛效应明显区域附近时,其后侧气流会出现明显分支绕流和爬升现象,而且两者相遇处的辐合上升运动会迅速加强,这为该地不稳定能量的释放及雷暴的发生发展提供了有利的动力热力条件。中尺度TJ WRF模式可以很好地模拟出这一现象。     

STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SEA LAND BREEZES IN HAINAN ISLAND

The sea-land breeze circulation （SLBC） occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorological stations of Hainan Island, the frequency of sea-land breeze （SLB） is studied to depict the diurnal and seasonal variations. The statistics indicated that there is a monthly average of 12.2 SLB days and an occurrence frequency of about 40%, with the maximum frequency （49%） in summer and the minimum frequency （29%） in autumn. SLB frequencies （41%） are comparable in winter and spring. A higher frequency of SLB is present in the southern and central mountains due to the enhancement effect of the mountain-valley breeze. Due to the synoptic wind the number of SLB days in the northern hilly area is less than in other areas. Moreover, the WRF model, adopted to simulate the SLBC over the island for all seasons, performs reasonably well reproducing the phenomenon, evolution and mechanism of SLBC. Chiefly affected by the difference of temperature between sea and land, the SLBC varies in coverage and intensity with the seasons and reaches the greatest intensity in summer. The typical depth is about 2.5 km for sea breeze circulation and about 1.5 km for land breeze circulation. A strong convergence zone with severe ascending motion appears on the line parallel to the major axis of the island, penetrating 60 to 100 km inland. This type of weak sea breeze convergence zone in winter is north-south oriented. The features of SLBC in spring are similar both to that in summer with southerly wind and to that in winter with easterly wind. The coverage and intensity of SLBC in autumn is the weakest and confined to the southwest edge of the central mountainous area. The land breeze is inherently very weak and easily affected by the topography and weather. The coverage and intensity of the land breeze convergence line is significantly less than those of the sea breeze. The orographic forcing of the cen     

药剂与粉煤灰联合处理再生造纸废水的实验研究

通过混凝实验探讨了用PAC处理再生造纸废水的最佳混凝条件.在此基础上,选用PAM为助凝剂,通过正交实验,获得了较佳的水平条件:先加PAM,质量浓度为3 mg/L,后加PAC,质量浓度为0.2 g/L,反应9 min;处理后的出水经粉煤灰过滤,ρ(COD)可降至37.383 mg/L,ρ(BOD)为20.7 mg/L,浊度为0,pH为11.12,在空气中放置24 h后pH变为8.02.     

太湖湖陆风背景下的苏州城市化对城市热岛特征的影响

利用南京大学区域边界层模式,选取苏州地区2006年8月12日晴天小风的天气作为背景天气条件进行算例的模拟。分析了该地区在湖陆风环流背景下的城市化进程对热岛特征的影响。结果表明:苏州地区的风场受大尺度系统、湖陆风环流和城市热岛环流系统的共同影响,且湖陆风环流的强度大于热岛环流。苏州地区的城市热岛影响高度可达400 m左右,且在背景风场的影响下,该地区的温度分布会体现出比较明显的下游效应特征,下游效应的距离可达10 km左右。这种下游效应在400 m高度以下比较明显,随高度的升高而逐渐减弱。20 a的城市化进程(1986—2006年)导致苏州城区地表感热通量增加了200 W/m²、潜热通量减少了200 W/m²、湍能增加了0.045 m²/s²、日平均热岛强度增加了0.4 ℃;热岛环流加强,并使白天混合层最大高度升高了400 m,但对夜间逆温层发展的影响较小。太湖湖陆风,使靠近太湖的苏州市郊的混合层、逆温层高度明显下降,但对距离较远的苏州市区的混合层、逆温层高度影响不大。且太湖的存在对于城市化进程导致的苏州地区热岛强度增加、地表湍流动能增加、感热通量增加、潜热通量减少的趋势有比较明显的缓解作用。     

扎陵湖和鄂陵湖大气边界层特征的数值模拟

利用美国科罗拉多州立大学和MRC/ASTER发展的中尺度数值模式RAMS(Regional Atmos-pheric Modeling System),设计了有、无湖对比模拟试验,以NCEP再分析资料作为初始条件和边界条件进行了120h的三重嵌套模拟试验。结果表明,模式的模拟性能良好。模拟的大气边界层特征显示,由于扎陵湖、鄂陵湖的存在,白天(夜晚)具有很好的降温(保温)作用,并表现出明显的冷(暖)湖效应;在白天(夜晚)扎陵湖、鄂陵湖有明显的湖(陆)风效应;在两湖之间的陆地低层有辐合和风切变,且鄂陵湖西岸的湖风比扎陵湖东岸的强,削弱了扎陵湖东岸的湖风;扎陵湖、鄂陵湖使得白天湖区的边界层顶低,周边陆地区域的边界层顶高,夜间则相反;扎陵湖、鄂陵湖对感热和潜热的影响有很强的日变化,白天湖面的感热小于周围陆地,夜间湖面的潜热则大于周围陆地。