Design of tunnel linings in a creeping rock

Summary The effect of long term rock deformation on lining pressure is considered using different concepts of rock behaviour. These include the conventional characteristic-line or convergence-confinement method, modified to allow for rock ageing, and lining-rock interaction methods using models of linear-viscoelastic, linear-elastic linear viscous, and linear elastic non-linear viscous rock behaviour. Calculations of lining pressures show that the former tends to underestimate, compared with the latter.This paper was presented at the 28th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics in Tucson, Arizona, July 1987.     

Verification studies for a z-coordinate primitive-equation model: Tidal conversion at a mid-ocean ridge

We document the accuracy and convergence of solutions for a z-coordinate primitive-equation model of internal tide generation and propagation. The model, which is based on MOM3 numerics, is linearized around a state of rest to facilitate comparison with analytic estimates of baroclinic generation at finite-amplitude topography in a channel forced by barotropic tidal flow at its boundaries. Unlike the analytical model, the numerical model includes mixing of both buoyancy and momentum, and several definitions of “baroclinic conversion” are possible. These are clarified by writing out the energetics of the linearized equations in terms of barotropic kinetic energy, baroclinic kinetic energy, and available potential energy. The tidal conversion computed from the model, defined as the rate of conversion of barotropic kinetic energy into available potential energy, agrees well with analytical predictions. A comparison of different treatments of bottom topography (full-cells, partial-cells, and ghost-cells) indicates that the partial-cell treatment is the most accurate in this application. Convergence studies of flow over a smooth supercritical ridge show that the dissipation along tidal characteristics is, apparently, an integrable singularity. When the ocean bottom is not smooth, the accuracy and convergence of the model depend on the power spectrum of the topography. A numerical experiment suggests that the power spectrum of the resolved topography must roll off faster than k⁻² to obtain convergent results from a linear numerical model of this type.     

大气扰动分解技术在副高边缘大暴雨落区精细化分析中的应用

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts， ECMWF）再分析资料，基于大气扰动分解技术，对2012年7月华北东部两次副高边缘大暴雨事件进行扰动分析。结果表明：边界层及对流层低层扰动辐合中心与副高边缘大暴雨中心有较好地对应关系；扰动锋区和扰动比湿大值区（4 g·kg^-1）叠加的区域与大暴雨落区相对应，与切变线类暴雨不同，副高边缘暴雨中心并不是出现在冷暖空气対峙扰动（0 ℃线）的位置，而是发生在扰动锋区内的暖区一侧（扰动温度0 ℃以南）；两次过程均存在自南向北的水汽通道，且水汽在输送过程中不断得到抬升，大暴雨落区对应的扰动水汽通量散度中心分别达到-6.8×10^-8g·cm^-2·hPa^-1·s^-1和-11.9×10^-8g·cm^-2·hPa^-1·s^-1，为大暴雨的形成提供了较好地水汽条件。     

Plio-Quaternary reactivation of the Neogene margin off NW Algiers, Algeria: The Khayr al Din bank

The Algiers region, northern Algeria, is known to be seismically active, with recurrent large (M>6) earthquakes. Because of the lack of high-resolution bathymetry, the offshore structures remained for a long time poorly known. Thanks to a new marine data base (MARADJA 2003 cruise), the offshore part of the margin is accurately mapped, and new active and recent structures are described. West of the bay of Algiers, the margin enlarges, forming the Khayr al Din bank, interpreted as a tilted block of the passive margin born during the opening of the Algero-Provençal basin. At the slope break, a 80 km-long fault-tip Quaternary fold, namely the Khayr al Din fault, extends at the foot of the margin off NW Algiers and represents the largest active structure of the coastal area, together with the Sahel anticline. We also map for the first time a set of overlapping, en echelon active folds in the upper part of the Khayr al Din bank, located off previously known active structures on land. Most of these faults represent actually a threat for the Algiers region in terms of seismic hazard but also geological hazards, such as tsunamis, as most of them depicts significant dimensions and slip rates. The highest long-term horizontal shortening rate is found on the Khayr al Din fault and is estimated at 0.5 ± 0.1 mm/yr, with a maximal magnitude of 7.3, which provides one of the highest seismogenic potential in the region.A new tectonic framework for the Algiers region is proposed, in which the main south-dipping offshore structure, of opposite vergence relative to most thrusts on land, appears to be nowadays the main driving fault system, as also found further east in the Boumerdès (M 6.8) 2003 rupture zone. The overall apparent pop-up structure of the recent and active faults may result from a progressive migration of the plate limit from the Late Miocene, north-dipping suture zone on land, to the Quaternary, south-dipping main Khayr al Din fault at sea, suggesting a process of subduction inception.     

龙门山地区上地壳的拱曲冲断作用及其深部动力学机制探讨

地形地貌与区域地质构造分析揭示,龙门山一带上地壳的汇聚作用表现为松潘－甘孜块体东缘的褶皱拱曲与扬子克拉通西缘的高角度叠瓦状冲断,近地表形成了一个巨大的北东向展布的拱曲冲断构造带。松潘－甘孜块体东缘的拱起预示着可能有来自深部的顶托。人工地震测深得到的地壳P波速度结构剖面也揭示,松潘－甘孜块体东缘上地壳普遍有较大范围的拱起,上地壳底部的低速层也同步抬升,其隆起范围与近地表的拱曲冲断带比较一致,说明很可能存在来自中下地壳的上拱作用。面波层析成像揭示松潘－甘孜块体与扬子克拉通具有截然不同的壳幔结构,扬子克拉通速度较高,且不存在低速夹层; 而松潘－甘孜块体速度偏低,地壳明显增厚,且下地壳及地幔上部存在S波低速层,地幔低速层上涌至壳幔过渡带,甚至侵入四川盆地之下,且上涌的范围与地表拱曲冲断带恰巧吻合,推测地幔盖层与下地壳塑性软弱物质的局部上涌促成了上地壳的拱曲。2008年汶川8.0级地震发生在拱曲冲断带中段,最大同震位移场位于龙门山拱曲冲断带及四川盆地西缘,揭示松潘－甘孜块体东缘的拱曲与扬子克拉通西缘的冲断共同受制于两大块体最新的汇聚作用。认为龙门山拱曲冲断构造带是陆内汇聚与壳幔通道流上涌联合作用的结果。爆破地震测深与地震层析成像不显示陆内俯冲图像,两大地块之间中地壳以下似为一近直立的汇聚带,这一构造格架将物质迁移主要限于垂向上,有利于龙门山保持大地形高差,而四川盆地一侧则因难以形成大的构造负载,前陆凹陷作用不显著。     

塔里木盆地中的大气环流及沙尘暴成因探讨--根据沙漠风积地貌和气象观测重建的风场

沙漠风积地貌的形态可反映风向的长期变化, 作者通过对塔克拉玛干沙漠风积地貌形态所揭示的风向及盆地边缘气象站40年的风况分析和合并, 重建了盆地中沙尘暴形成时的风场.在分析冷空气入侵塔里木盆地的路径、盆地中不同时期热力状况的基础上, 从大气环流的角度探讨了盆地中沙尘暴的成因.结果表明, 在暖季(春、夏), 由于地面对大气感热加热作用强烈, 形成了浅薄的热低压.当不同强度的冷空气入侵时, 尽管风场有所不同, 但都会分别在和田-于田-民丰一带、柯坪一带形成强大的辐合上升区, 使这两个地区成为中国沙尘暴发生频率最     

天山造山带东段构造变形对增生造山末期的响应

天山造山带位于中亚造山带最南端,是研究和认识中亚造山带晚古生代增生造山过程的关键地区。本文聚焦于天山造山带东段发育的最晚一期脆韧性构造变形,通过对阿其克库都克断裂带、康古尔断裂带和哈尔里克构造带等变形带内的构造几何学和运动学特征解析,认为阿其克库都克断裂带表现为由南向北逆冲兼右行剪切变形特征,康古尔断裂带表现为南北向挤压兼右行剪切变形特征,哈尔里克构造带表现为由北向南的逆冲叠加稍晚期的左行走滑剪切变形特征。结合大量已有的构造热年代学数据分析,指出各构造单元内最晚一期脆韧性变形时间为二叠纪晚期-中三叠世,指示该时间段内近东西走向的天山造山带东段和北西-南东走向的东准噶尔造山带与西侧哈萨克斯坦弧形造山系呈现为三向汇聚的动力学特征,代表中亚造山带增生造山末期的演化特征。     

2002年中国暴雨试验期间一次低涡切变上发生发展的中尺度对流系统研究

采用常规观测和"973"中国暴雨试验资料,对2002年6月22～23日一次由中尺度对流系统(MCS)发展而产生的低涡,以及伴随其发生发展的对流系统进行了分析和模拟研究.结果表明:MCSA东移到河南西部时,由于对流层中层正涡度中心的强迫和潜热释放产生了气旋,低层的暖平流可能是低涡东移发展的原因之一.模拟结果显示低涡东部的对流系统发生在气旋东部的暖切变上,西部对流系统发生在冷切变附近.在低涡的南部偏南风与偏北风之间形成辐合线,辐合线上有低层偏东风与高层偏西风的垂直切变,对流沿辐合线由西南向东北方向移动形成对流带.对流系统发展强盛时除了低层的强辐合外,高层较深厚的强辐散是其维持的重要原因,当系统倾斜时表明开始减弱.试验加密资料分析也表明:降雨发生前有明显的增湿过程,而降雨开始后,整层可降雨量迅速减少;对流系统南侧强的西南低空急流向对流区输送了大量水汽;气旋东移后,西北风(冷空气)的侵入使降雨结束.