New Mesozoic Mesopsychidae(Mecoptera)from Northeastern China

<正>The Mesozoic family Mesopsychidae Tillyard,1917 presently consists of seven described genera and 13 species from the mid-Triassic to the Early Cretaceous of Australia,South Africa and Eurasia.In the present paper one new genus and three new species of fossil mesopsychids are described that add significant distributional and stratigraphic extensions to the family.This finding documents the first formal record of fossil Mesopsychidae in China.Both Lichnomesopsyche gloriae gen.et sp.nov.and L.daohugouensis gen.et sp.nov. were found from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia,whereas Vitimopsyche kozlovi sp. nov.,of mid Early Cretaceous age,was collected from the Jehol Biota of northern Hebei Province.This new,well-preserved material from China reveals complete and previously unknown body features,including head, antennae,mouthparts,legs and abdomen.The delicate and long proboscides of these new taxa indicate that they were feeding on externally exposed,nutrient-rich fluids of gymnospermous ovulate fructifications,and incapable of piercing surface epidermis-attributable principally to the absence of stylets.These proboscides originated, perhaps multiply,among basal Mecoptera and are functionally and structurally convergent with equivalent mouthparts borne by fossil and extant Diptera,Lepidoptera,Neuroptera and Coleoptera.     

2009年7月2—4日广西暴雨过程的中尺度特征

本文运用NCEP1°×1°格点资料和多普勒雷达、自动站以及SWAN系统等资料,用综合诊断分析方法对2009年7月2-4日广西大范围强降水过程进行成因分析。结果表明：由于冷空气很弱,以渗透的方式影响广西,使地面西南暖低压得以长时间维持,是这次过程持续时间长的主要原因之一;地面辐合线稳定少动,是桂北强对流发展的触发机制,也是产生“列车效应”的主要因子;柳州多普勒雷达基本反射率显示在7月2日20时到3日08时的“列车效应”使得河池东部和柳州北部出现了特大暴雨,暴雨中心在径向速度上反映为强烈的辐合。此外对swAN产品进行检验和分析,Cotrec风场对回波的移动有较好的指示作用;TITAN在预报强回波的移动和强度上有着一定的预报能力;1小时雨量预报与实况雨量大致相近。     

Bacterial abundance and production in different water masses around South Island,New Zealand

Abstract

Bacterial numbers and production were measured in the upper water column in the winter and spring of 1993 in five water masses surrounding the South Island of New Zealand. Average bacterial numbers and production were found to be higher in spring (8.5 × 10⁵ cells ml^?1 and 0.20 mg m³ h^?1, respectively) than winter (5.5 × 10⁵ cells ml^?1 and 0.05 mg C m³ h^?1 respectively). Bacterial production was strongly correlated with chlorophyll a and primary production (P < 0.001) in spring but not in winter. Spring bacterial production and at 10 m depth averaged across 28 stations was 23% of primary production, and with a growth efficency of 40%, may have consumed up to 57% of primary production. Bacterial biomass was greater than phytoplankton biomass for 75% of the 10 m depth comparisons during winter sampling and 44% during the spring sampling. The bacterial biomass was found to represent 24.6–33.5% of the nitrogen in particulate organic matter (<200 μm) supporting the concept that in New Zealand oceanic water masses bacteria are of significant biogeochemical importance.     

盛夏上海地区副热带高压型强对流特点分析

发生在副热带高压控制下的强对流容易出现错报。对上海地区2001—2005年7—9月份19个副热带高压型强对流个例进行分析,并和副热带高压控制时上海地区未发生强对流的个例进行对比。结果表明:副热带高压型强对流较易在副热带高压的北侧发生,强对流发生开始时间主要在中午到傍晚;副热带高压型强对流的发生除需要有较好的层结不稳定条件外,对抬升条件也有较高要求,如边界层整层在上海附近存在中尺度辐合线。     

浙江沿海中尺度辐合线对飑线发展影响的数值试验

利用Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) 中尺度数值模式, 结合常规观测资料、地面加密自动气象站资料、云迹风等资料较好地模拟了2006年6月10日严重影响浙江的一次强飑线演变过程, 得到了与实况比较接近的飑线中尺度特征, 结果表明: 强对流活动与边界层内的中尺度辐合有密切联系, 除了雷暴出流在其前沿形成的阵风锋外, 还模拟得到了宁波东部地区的中尺度气流辐合线 (简称宁东辐合线); 宁东辐合线呈现出明显的西干东湿、东侧上湿下干和弱的稳定层结特征, 其存在阻挡了边界层顶强不稳定的东传; 在宁东辐合线东侧的山谷地带, 近地面形成一个尺度仅为10～20 km的中尺度垂直闭合环流, 该环流导致地面弱的东风气流又反过来加强了宁东辐合线。当之前已存在的雷暴出流形成的阵风锋辐合线与宁东局地辐合线相遇时, 形成一条新的阵风锋, 边界层之上的湿度显著增强, 强不稳定得到逐步释放, 加剧了对流的爆发, 天气现象进一步加重。     

登陆台风Rananim(0414)环流内中尺度辐合线的形成和发展研究

0414号台风Rananim不仅在中国沿海引起暴雨灾害,还在中国内陆产生了强烈降水,导致严重的洪水和地质灾害。基于地面、探空和卫星观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°分析资料以及日本气象厅区域谱模式同化资料(20 km×20 km格距),对台风Rananim内陆强降水过程中环流内中尺度辐合线的形成和发展进行研究,结果表明:(1)中纬度冷空气自对流层中低层侵入台风环流,与台风偏东风暖湿气流相遇,激发了中尺度辐合线在其西北象限的生成。(2)这条中尺度辐合线存在于700 hPa以下低层,具有指向冷空气的斜升气流,并形成辐合线上的垂直环流圈。β-中尺度对流云团群在中尺度辐合线附近形成发展,最后并入台风残涡云团,生消过程约12 h。(3)中尺度辐合线上对流不稳定和条件性对称不稳定共同存在,为强对流运动提供有利环境。湿斜压性增强是中尺度辐合线斜升气流上条件性对称不稳定产生的主要原因。(4)中尺度辐合线与台风环流相互作用的诊断表明,中尺度辐合线从台风低层获得动能和垂直涡度而发展,而其发展又为台风环流提供动能和高层正涡度,减缓了台风衰减。中尺度辐合线不仅直接产生暴雨对流云团,还有利于热带气旋的维持,造成内陆持续强降水。     

天山北坡中部一次强对流天气中小尺度系统特征分析

利用Doppler雷达资料, 结合常规观测资料及T213再分析资料, 对2008年8月26日18:00~19:30发生在天山北坡中部石河子南部山区强对流天气的影响系统和中小尺度强对流天气落区形成的原因进行了详细分析。结果表明： 西伯利亚至巴尔喀什湖冷槽东南象限分裂出的中尺度短波是造成“2008.8.26”强对流天气过程的直接影响系统; 地形辐合回波带是造成这次过程的主要系统; 地形辐合回波带上的中-γ对流单体滚动更迭是强对流天气落区形成的直接原因; 中高层干冷、 低层暖湿, 低层中尺度辐合切变线对强对流天气的发生具有重要作用。回波强度、 回波顶高度的迅速增加、 垂直累积液态水含量的跃增和面积的扩大, 中气旋的出现都对“2008.8.26”强对流天气的发生具有预警指示意义。当回波强度>50 dBz、 回波顶高度>8 km、 垂直累积液态水含量急增到50 kg·m-2以上时, 将预示有强对流天气出现。垂直累积液态水含量的大值区是对流云强度最强的地方, 与强对流天气落区相对应; 其高值区的强度和范围与强降水的强度和范围成正比。在暴雨发生前和发生期间落区附近近低层存在着西南暖湿气流向暴雨中心的输送。     

Convergence of Liapunov Series for Maclaurin Ellipsoids: Real Analysis

According to the classical theory of equilibrium figures, surfaces of equal density, potential and pressure concur (let us call them isobars). Isobars can be represented by means of Liapunov power series in a small parameter q, in the first approximation coinciding with the centrifugal to gravitational force ratio at the equator. In [5] the convergence radius for Liapunov series was found in case of homogeneous equilibrium figures (Maclaurin ellipsoids). Isobars were described by means of implicit functions of q. The proof was based on the analysis of these functions in a complex domain and used computer algebra tools. Here we present a much simpler proof examining the above mentioned functions in a real domain only.     

U—Pb Dating of Marble Assoicated With Eclogite from the Dabie Mountains,East China

Marble is associated with ultrahigh pressure eclogite in the Dabie Mountains, East China. U-Pb isotope data for the marble define a²³⁸U-²⁰⁶Pb isochron age of 435 ± 45 Ma with an initial²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb value of 18.075 ± 0.006. The age of ∼435 Ma is interpreted to represent the time of limestone diagenesis rather than the time of metamorphic resetting accompanied by the formation of the ultrahigh pressure eclogites at Triassic. The paleontologic and stratigraphic studies also favor a local excursion in the carbon isotopic composition of the latest Ordovician water within a sedimentary basin between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. Because the latest Ordovician limestone was involved in the eclogite formation, the continental collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean plates would postdate Ordovician. This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

无约束最优化的一个算法

无约束最优化是最优化的重要组成部分，一方面它可以用来直接解一些实际问题，另一方面它又是解决其它一些数学问题的工具。本文给出求解无约束最优化的一个算法，该算法简便，且具有二次终结性。证明了算法的全局收敛性，数值结果表明有较快的收敛速度。