利用高速收敛PSO或分解进行二维灰度熵图像分割

首先,定义了灰度熵并导出了相应的二维灰度熵阈值选取公式;其次,利用高速收敛PSO算法寻找二维灰度熵法的最佳阈值,并采用递推方式避免迭代过程中适应度函数的重复计算;最后,将二维灰度熵的运算转换到两个一维空间上,计算复杂度由O（L2）进一步降为O（L）。实验结果表明,与基于粒子群的二维最大Shannon熵法相比,所提出的两种方法的分割效果具有明显优势,且运行时间大幅减少。     

Grid convergence of variable-density flow simulations in discretely-fractured porous media

Grid convergence in space and time of variable-density flow in fractured-porous rock is systematically assessed. Convergence of the flow simulation is attained using both uniform and adaptive time-stepping. This contrasts to variable-density flow in unfractured porous media where grid convergence variable-density flow problems is almost never achieved. At high discretization levels, the number of fingers in fractured-porous rock is no longer influenced by spatial-temporal grid discretization, which is not the case in unfractured porous media. However, similar to unfractured porous media, the number of fingers in fractured-porous media varies at low discretization levels. Simulated convective pattern and penetration depth of the dense plume in fractured rock depend more on spatial discretization than on temporal discretization. The appropriate spatial-temporal grid is then used to examine some aspects of mixed convection in fractured-porous rock, characterized by the mixed convection number M. The critical mixed convection number M_c = 46 represents the transition between forced and free convection in fractured porous media, which is much higher than M_c = 1 in unfractured porous media. Thus, for mixed convective flow problems, the value of M_c is not a sufficient indicator to predict the convective mode (free convection-forced convection), and the presence of vertical fractures must be included in the prediction of convective flow modes.     

远离热带风暴中心的大暴雨个例分析

2010年9月2-3日江苏淮北出现了较罕见的大暴雨过程,暴雨中心雨量为244.7 mm.分析表明,这次大暴雨过程产生在南海登陆的热带风暴“狮子山”倒槽中,暖湿气流在北上中与对流层低层相对冷的气团相遇,在暴雨区产生局地锋生,中层干冷空气的倾斜下侵,促使大气的斜压性增强,不仅产生了对流性不稳定,而且提供了有利于暖湿气流抬升的动力条件.在锋生作用下,气旋性涡度沿锋区发展.在暴雨发生过程中,西行热带风暴倒槽东部的偏南风和副热带高压西部的偏南气流,构成了一支补偿性质的低空急流,向暴雨区输送了充足的暖湿气流.     

一次非典型秋季冷空气暴雨过程分析

利用常规气象资料、加密气象站观测资料、1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料以及多普勒雷达资料,诊断分析2010年10月14～ 15 日广东南部的非典型冷空气暴雨过程.分析结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程的中尺度特征较为明显;(2)垂直上升运动先于强降水出现前即有明显反映,而低层水汽辐合与降雨量级的同时性较为一致;(3)前期不稳定...     

缅甸硅化木(“树化玉”)的成因

近年,中国宝玉石和观赏石市场上出现了一种十分受人青睐的玉石品种——缅甸“树化玉”(硅化木),媒体广告对其宣传有加,给人们带来无限商机。但对其成因环境之说却十分离谱。现试图避开商业炒作的市场环境,拟从地质科学的角度,以地质事实为依据,揭示缅甸树化玉(硅化木)形成的奥秘。     

Tectonics, basin subsidence mechanisms, and paleogeography of the Caribbean-South American plate boundary zone

Using a mega-regional dataset that includes over 20,000 km of on- and offshore 2D seismic lines and 12 wells, we illustrate three different stages of fault formation and basin evolution in the Caribbean arc-South American continent collisional zone. Transpressional deformation associated with oblique collision of the Caribbean arc migrates diachronously over a distance of ∼1500 km from western Venezuela in Paleogene time (∼57 Ma) to a zone of active deformation in the eastern offshore Trinidad area. Each diachronous stage of pre-, syn-, and post-collisional basin formation is accompanied by distinct patterns of fault families. We use subsidence histories from wells to link patterns of long-term basinal subsidence to periods of activity of the fault families.

Stage one of arc-continent collision

Initial collision is characterized by overthrusting of the south- and southeastward-facing Caribbean arc and forearc terranes onto the northward-subducting Mesozoic passive margin of northern South America. Northward flexure of the South American craton produces a foreland basin between the thrust front and the downward-flexed continental crust that is initially filled by clastic sediments shed both from the colliding arc and cratonic areas to the south. As the collision extends eastward towards Trinidad, this same process continues with progressively younger foreland basins formed to the east. On the overthrusting Caribbean arc and forearc terranes, north-south rifting adjacent to the collision zone initiates and is controlled by forward momentum of southward-thrusting arc terranes combined with slab pull of the underlying and subducting, north-dipping South American slab. Uplift of fold-thrust belts arc-continent suture induces rerouting of large continental drainages parallel to the collisional zone and to the axis of the foreland basins.

Stage two

This late stage of arc-continent collision is characterized by termination of deformation in one segment of the fold-thrust belt as convergent deformation shifts eastward. Rebound of the collisional belt is produced as the north-dipping subducted oceanic crust breaks off from the passive margin, inducing inversion of preexisting normal faults as arc-continent convergence reaches a maximum. Strain partitioning also begins to play an important role as oblique convergence continues, accommodating deformation by the formation of parallel, strike-slip fault zones and backthrusting (southward subduction of the Caribbean plate beneath the South Caribbean deformed belt). As subsidence slows in the foreland basins, sedimentation transitions from a marine underfilled basin to an overfilled continental basin. Offshore, sedimentation is mostly marine, sourced by the collided Caribbean terranes, localized islands and carbonate deposition.

Stage three

This final stage of arc-continent collision is characterized by: 1) complete slab breakoff of the northward-dipping South American slab; 2) east-west extension of the Caribbean arc as it elongates parallel to its strike forming oblique normal faults that produce deep rift and half-grabens; 3) continued strain partitioning (strike-slip faulting and folding). The subsidence pattern in the Caribbean basins is more complex than interpreted before, showing a succession of extensional and inversion events. The three tectonic stages closely control the structural styles and traps, source rock distribution, and stratigraphic traps for the abundant hydrocarbon resources of the on- and offshore areas of Venezuela and Trinidad.     

中国地市经济增长空间俱乐部趋同研究——兼与省份数据的比较

利用ESDA方法和空间计量模型对中国329个地市经济增长空间俱乐部趋同假说进行检验,并与省份数据进行比较,最后探讨其形成机制。结果表明：地市ESDA分析得到的区域组更加符合俱乐部趋同＂组内趋同而组间趋异＂的特点;地市经济增长存在两个空间趋同俱乐部,其形成机制是,在经济行为的空间异质性和增长的局域空间溢出效应的共同作用下...     

昆明市县区收入差距的时空演进及其成因分析

以昆明市各县区为研究单位,对收入差距问题作了实证分析。采用统计法和建立绝对β-收敛模型测度了县区收入差距,描述其时序过程和空间演替特征;利用Theil指标法揭示区域差距的构成与来源,并运用回归法探讨其影响因素。结论证实,昆明市区域差异演进并没有偏离收敛性假说:县区收入差距以2003年为拐点呈阶段性律动,总体差距趋小而梯度间差距和城乡间差距深化,社会消费、储蓄、财政支出是其影响因素,而普遍认为有促进作用的市场因素在概念模型分析中却不显著。为此,发挥市场力量势在必行。     

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一次区域暴雪过程中的等熵位涡分析

利用等熵位涡理论对2006年1月18~19日河南省大范围暴雪过程进行了天气动力诊断分析,结果发现:低纬低层偏南气流沿熵面向北输送的高位涡与强降雪落区和时间有很好的对应关系,并具有预报指示意义;高纬高层的高位涡穿越等压线形成强下沉气流向南输送,低纬中低层西南暖湿气流引起的高等熵位涡沿等熵面爬升,两者在我省长时间交汇,是强降雪带持续的重要原因。