海温异常对台风形成的影响

本文利用地球流体力学实验室(GFDL)的低分辨气候模式进行数值试验,以研究海温异常对台风形成的影响.试验采用恒定8月气候条件和海表温度(SST).海温异常(SSTA)被置于北太平洋不同区域.结果表明,台风生成频率在暖SSTA区明显增加.这是由于暖SSTA区低层辐合的增强一方面使低空气旋式环流和高空反气旋式环流加大,另一方面导致低层水汽向该区辐合,使潜热释放加强,对流加剧所致.此一机制被用于解释台风频率和ENSO事件的相关.在冷ENSO年份,西北和西南太平洋台风增多不仅是由于赤道东太平洋SST异常冷,还与西太平洋SST异常暖有关.     

Geostatistical analysis of longwall face roof convergence data

Summary Roof convergence and the rate of convergence are regionalized variables; the geostatistics can thus be applied to a set of underground observations. This investigation shows that the removal of a slice of coal induces roof movement. The rate of convergence is highest just after the coal removal and decreases with time. The immediate advance of a rigid powered roof support decreases the total convergence for a complete production cycle. On the other hand, the timing of the advance of a relatively soft support element has no influence on the total convergence for a complete production cycle.     

WRM型系列收敛汁和钻孔多点位移计的研制与应用

本文介绍 WRM 型系列收敛计和钻孔多点位移计的设计思想、结构特征、测试原理、技术性能及其在工程中的应用。     

Diagnosis of dominant forcing factors for large-scale vertical velocities during active and break phases of the monsoon

An attempt to diagnose the dominant forcings which drive the large-scale vertical velocities over the monsoon region has been made by computing the forcings like diabatic heating fields,etc. and the large-scale vertical velocities driven by these forcings for the contrasting periods of active and break monsoon situations; in order to understand the rainfall variability associated with them. Computation of diabatic heating fields show us that among different components of diabatic heating it is the convective heating that dominates at mid-tropospheric levels during an active monsoon period; whereas it is the sensible heating at the surface that is important during a break period. From vertical velocity calculations we infer that the prime differences in the large-scale vertical velocities seen throughout the depth of the atmosphere are due to the differences in the orders of convective heating; the maximum rate of latent heating being more than 10 degrees Kelvin per day during an active monsoon period; whereas during a break monsoon period it is of the order of 2 degrees Kelvin per day at mid-tropospheric levels. At low levels of the atmosphere, computations show that there is large-scale ascent occurring over a large spatial region, driven only by the dynamic forcing associated with vorticity and temperature advection during an active monsoon period. However, during a break monsoon period such large-scale spatial organization in rising motion is not seen. It is speculated that these differences in the low-level large-scale ascent might be causing differences in convective heating because the weaker the low level ascent, the lesser the convective instability which produces deep cumulus clouds and hence lesser the associated latent heat release. The forcings due to other components of diabatic heating, namely, the sensible heating and long wave radiative cooling do not influence the large-scale vertical velocities significantly.     

2018年8月22日宁夏北部局地浓雾天气形成机制分析

利用宁夏972个地面自动站的10 m风场、2 m温度及露点温度,银川、大武口、平罗、贺兰4个常规地面观测站的能见度、温度及相对湿度逐时观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）ERA-Interim逐6 h再分析资料（0.125°×0.125°）,对2018年8月22日宁夏北部局地突发浓雾天气过程的环流形势、逆温结构及其热力、动力条件和形成维持机制进行分析。结果表明：8月22日宁夏北部局地浓雾发生在地面冷高压、高空暖脊及近地面微风的静稳天气条件下;较为深厚的暖平流和近地面冷空气侵入所形成的稳定大气层结,是大雾形成的必要条件;弱上升运动使混合层扩展至840 hPa左右,是该地区雾的发展和维持的重要原因。在本次过程中,深厚的弱水汽辐合较水汽自身的饱和与否更为重要,是大武口站浓雾形成的关键性因素。浓雾呈现平流-辐射雾特征,地面热通量在过程前期促进浓雾的发生,后期对浓雾起到抑制作用。     

度量映射方法在河流分维测算中的应用

应用TM卫星图像数据，根据对黑龙江省阿什河约80km河段、松花江及嫩江约2300km河段的分维研究。证明了在度量数列满足持邻性和等比收敛性的条件下。可以应用度量映射方法计算随机分形集的分维。研究表明，黑龙江省阿什河河段（约80km）的分维比松花江和嫩江河段（约2300km）的分维高；曲线的分维一定要与标度的变化区间联系起来，否则分维将失去可比性；河流的分维不仅与标度有关，还与矢量化时原图像的分辨率有关。     

中国西北地区水汽的平流输送和辐合输送

分析了中国西北地区上空的水汽汇聚过程———平流输送与辐合输送,为西北地区降水过程数值模拟的参数化提供依据.分析表明:中国西北大部分地区为负的水汽平流输送,从上风方向得到的水汽输入小于水汽输出,是水汽的净流失区;中国西北地区中部为大范围负的水汽辐合输送,当地的水汽由风场向外扩散,加剧了当地的水分流失,是水汽扩散区;在水汽净输送的年际变化中,中国西北地区小于华北地区,平流输送呈上升趋势,辐合输送下降,平流的相对贡献在增加;在与大气环流系统的关系中,中国西北地区水汽的平流输送主要受西风带影响,辐合输送与南亚夏季风有显著相关.变化趋势表明西风的作用在加强.     

秦岭造山带北缘的斜向碰撞与汇聚因子

秦岭北缘洛南—栾川断裂带是华北板块南缘与秦岭造山带汇聚-拼合带,具有SW→NE向俯冲兼左旋走滑的性质,并构成叠瓦状构造和双重构造的组合样式。秦岭北缘不同性质的构造组成有规律的图案,其展布方位和运动学方式与板块汇聚的动力学特征极为吻合。变形分析结果表明,区内变形岩石主要是中上地壳的产物,岩石有限应变的三轴比为:X∶Y∶Z=8.86∶4.32∶1,应变椭球体为扁椭球状。汇聚因子是:在洛南地区板块汇聚方向为22°,汇聚方向与板块边界的夹角为73°;在栾川地区板块汇聚方向为31°,汇聚方向与板块边界的夹角为82°,显示出秦岭造山带与华北板块南缘的碰撞和拼合具有典型的斜向汇聚特征。