Reversal of monthly East Asian winter air temperature in 2020/21 and its predictability

在全球变暖的背景下,近年来东亚冬季气温存在复杂的季节内变化.本文研究了2020/21年东亚冬季气温的月际转折及可预测性.结果 表明,2020/21年东亚冬季气温前冬(2020年12月-2021年1月中旬)偏冷,后冬(2021年1月中旬-2月)偏暖.西伯利亚高压强度在前冬和后冬也出现转折变化.在前冬,由于2020年9月巴...     

Noise reduction methods in the analysis of near infrared lunar occultation light curves for high angular resolution measurements

A lunar occultation （LO） technique in the near-infrared （NIR） provides angular resolution down to milliarcseconds for an occulted source, even with ground- based 1 m class telescopes. LO observations are limited to brighter objects because they require a high signal-to-noise ratio （S/N ~40） for proper extraction of angular diameter values. Hence, methods to improve the S/N ratio by reducing noise using Fourier and wavelet transforms have been explored in this study. A sample of 54 NIR LO light curves observed with the IR camera at Mt Abu Observatory has been used. It is seen that both Fourier and wavelet methods have shown an improvement in S/N compared to the original data. However, the application of wavelet transforms causes a slight smoothing of the fringes and results in a higher value for angular diameter. Fourier transforms which reduce discrete noise frequencies do not distort the fringe. The Fourier transform method seems to be effective in improving the S/N, as well as improving the model fit, particularly in the fainter regime of our sample. These methods also provide a better model fit for brighter sources in some cases, though there may not be a significant imorovement in S/N.     

上地幔顶部电导率异常的起因

地球物理深部探测研究表明,上地幔顶部个别地区具有显著的电导率异常,表现为高电导率和各向异性。造成上地幔顶部电导率异常的机理,一直以来是地球科学中极具争议的问题之一。目前比较流行的解释是由部分熔融产生的熔体和橄榄石中耦合的结构水所致,其它的解释包括由颗粒边界的石墨或硫化物以及其它一些导电性强的矿物所致。这些不同的模型,对于认识上地幔的结构、组成和性质有直接的影响。综合评述了近年来基于岩石学、地球化学、地球物理学、数值模拟和高温高压实验研究等方面的进展,对已有模型伴随的各种问题进行了探讨。局部地区的电导率异常可能主要由固态导电机制造成,但其主要载体可能不是构成地幔主体的橄榄岩,而很可能与上地幔岩石学组成上的宏观不均一性有关。不同地区上地幔顶部的电导率异常,可能由不同的因素造成,可能并不存在所谓的"单一"导电机制。     

0.6～2.0GPa压力下部分熔融角闪辉长岩的纵波波速

利用超声波透射-反射法,测量了0.6～2.0 GPa、最高1 085℃条件下角闪辉长岩的纵波波速(vp),详细统计了部分熔融阶段实验产物组分的体积百分含量,利用矿物含量和弹性参数,计算了角闪辉长岩的纵波波速.实验测量和理论计算显示了较一致的vp-t关系,即高压下角闪辉长岩的vp随温度升高先缓慢降低,在温度约800～900℃后转而大幅下降.实验产物显示,样品在温度达812℃(0.6 GPa)、865℃(1.0 GPa)和919℃(2.0 GPa)后发生矿物脱水和部分熔融,熔体含量随温度升高显著增加.熔体是导致高温阶段岩石vp快速降低的主要原因.在初熔阶段vp随熔体增加而降低尤为显著,可能是初熔时矿物脱水生成的自由水及含水量高的熔体,以微细熔体薄膜浸润矿物边界或裂隙所导致.     

高压力下原状层间错动带三轴不排水剪切特性及其影响因素分析

针对某大型水电站揭露的原状层间错动带试样,模拟现场快速施工可能会产生的不排水边界条件,在围压5～30 MPa的高压力条件下开展了不固结不排水三轴试验,并结合试样物理性质的差异,分析讨论了原状层间错动带的力学特性。试样试验曲线和破坏模式主要由高围压控制：其应力-应变关系曲线均为应变硬化型且破坏后呈腰鼓状为塑性破坏。此外,较湿颗粒发生了大规模的颗粒破碎,其是造成高饱和度试样强度包线的趋势线随围压降低的根本原因。试验结果明显受物理性质影响造成了试验数据离散性,敏感性分析表明,围压P和饱和度 对初始弹性模量 和破坏强度 的影响最大,其次是孔隙比e,颗粒粒径（ ）分布对其影响程度最小。根据试样剪切特性建立的强度特征（ 和 ）初步预测公式可供实际工程参考。     

Advanced studies on adaptation of desert shrubs to environmental stress

The combined stress of drought, high temperature and excessive light characterizes the desert area. In order to survive the desert habitat, desert shrubs have evolved a number of special eco-physiological mechanisms to resist environmental stress during long-term evolution. In this paper, adaptation mechanisms of desert shrubs to environmental stress are reviewed in terms of morphological structure, water potential, photosynthesis and water use efficiency, transpiration and stomatal conductance, osmotic adjustment and anti-oxidation protection. In addition, some suggestions for future research are proposed.     

Phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys up to 300 GPa: Implications for composition and structure of the Earth's inner core

We have investigated the phase relations of iron and iron–nickel alloys with 18 to 50 wt.% Ni up to over 300 GPa using a laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. The synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements show the wide stability of hcp-iron up to 301 GPa and 2000 K and 319 GPa and 300 K without phase transition to dhcp, orthorhombic, or bcc phases. On the other hand, the incorporation of nickel has a remarkable effect on expanding the stability field of fcc phase. The geometry of the temperature–composition phase diagram of iron–nickel alloys suggests that the hcp–fcc–liquid triple point is located at 10 to 20 wt.% Ni at the pressure of the inner core boundary. The fcc phase could crystallize depending on the nickel and silicon contents in the Earth's core, both of which are fcc stabilizer.     

Dual high‐strength steel eccentrically braced frames with removable links

Structural damage in buildings designed according to the dissipative design philosophy can be significant, even under moderate earthquakes. Repair of damaged members is an expensive operation and may affect building use, which in turn increases the overall economic loss. If damage can be isolated to certain dissipative members realized to be removable following an earthquake, the repair costs and time of interruption of building use can be reduced. Dual structural configurations, composed of a rigid subsystem with removable ductile elements and a flexible subsystem, are shown to be appropriate for the application of removable dissipative element concept. Eccentrically braced frames with removable links connected to the beams using flush end‐plate bolted connections are investigated as a practical way of implementing this design concept. High‐strength steel is used for members outside links in order to enhance global seismic performance of the structure by constraining plastic deformations to removable links and reducing permanent drifts of the structure. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

土石坝横向裂缝的土工离心机模型试验研究

岸坡突变所产生的不均匀沉降变形常常是导致土石坝心墙发生横向裂缝的主要原因。使用糯扎渡高心墙堆石坝心墙混合土料进行了模拟心墙发生横向裂缝的土工离心机模型试验。试验中再现了由于岸坡坡度变化导致坝顶发生横向裂缝的现象。采用工程中常用的3种裂缝分析方法：倾度法、Leonards法和有限元应力法对试验结果进行了分析。结果表明,前两种方法仅在测点较多时才是适用的,而有限元应力法对土石坝心墙横向裂缝问题更为有效。