Impacts of a Large-scale Adaptive Blending Scheme for CMA-MESO on Regional Forecasts-A Case Study of Typhoon Haima

Large-scale atmospheric information plays an important role in the regional model for the forecasts of weather such as tropical cyclone (TC). However, it is difficult to be fully represented in regional models due to domain size and a lack of observation data, particularly at sea used in regional data assimilation. Blending analysis has been developed and implemented in regional models to reintroduce large-scale information from global model to regional analysis. Research of the impact of this large-scale blending scheme for the Global / Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (CMA-MESO) regional model on TC forecasting is limited and this study attempts to further progress by examining the adaptivity of the blending scheme using the two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (2D-DCT) filter on the model forecast of Typhoon Haima over Shenzhen, China in 2016 and considering various cut-off wavelengths. Results showed that the error of the 24-hour typhoon track forecast can be reduced to less than 25 km by applying the scale-dependent blending scheme, indicating that the blending analysis is effectively able to minimise the large-scale bias for the initial fields. The improvement of the wind forecast is more evident for u-wind component according to the reduced root mean square errors (RMSEs) by comparing the experiments with and without blending analysis. Furthermore, the higher equitable threat score (ETS) provided implications that the precipitation prediction skills were increased in the 24h forecast by improving the representation of the large-scale feature in the CMA-MESO analysis. Furthermore, significant differences of the track error forecast were found by applying the blending analysis with different cut-off wavelengths from 400 km to 1200 km and the track error can be reduced less than by 10 km with 400 km cut-off wavelength in the first 6h forecast. It highlighted that the blending scheme with dynamic cut-off wavelengths adapted to the development of different TC systems is necessary in order to optimally introduce and ingest the large-scale information from global model to the regional model for improving the TC forecast. In this paper, the methods and data applied in this study will be firstly introduced, before discussion of the results regarding the performance of the blending analysis and its impacts on the wind and precipitation forecast correspondingly, followed by the discussion of the effects of different blending scheme on TC forecasts and the conclusion section.     

全球和区域分析的混合方案对区域预报的影响试验

区域分析采用局地高密观测资料,往往分析的中小尺度信息较丰富;全球分析同化全球覆盖的卫星观测资料,而且不受侧边界条件影响,对天气系统大尺度部分描述得更好。基于以上原因,为了提高区域模式的分析预报水平,本文尝试在区域模式中引入全球分析中的大尺度部分,通过DCT方法对全球T639模式分析和区域GRAPES模式分析进行谱分解,获得综合全球大尺度和区域中小尺度信息的混合分析。动能谱分析结果表明,GRAPES分析场的动能谱能量在中小尺度部分比T639全球分析略大,经过混合分析后,动能谱能量更接近理想曲线。一个月的分析预报试验结果表明,混合分析的高度、温度和风场的分析质量有明显提高,风场6 h内的预报也比区域分析有改进;而且全国平均ETS降水评分在各个降水量级上都有明显改进。     

雷达资料与中尺度数值预报的融合方法研究及其在临近预报中的应用

通过融合多普勒天气雷达资料与中尺度数值预报产品,发展了一种便于临近预报业务使用的方法。该方法首先通过相关分析计算当前相同时刻雷达估测降水与中尺度数值预报的反射率因子估测降水之间的位置偏差,导出一个位移偏差矢量场;然后,利用人机交互的方式对矢量场进行分区,并对各分区的矢量场进行平滑处理,计算出各分区的平均位移偏差矢量;最后,采用最小二乘法对各分区连续多次的平均位移偏差矢量进行线性拟合,得到各分区平均位移偏差矢量随时间的变化特征,订正未来时段相应区域的数值预报反射率因子估测降水的位置偏差。利用该方法对2012和2013年夏季发生在重庆西部、四川东部的3次强降水天气过程进行临近预报试验并对预报结果进行了检验,结果表明:对0~2 h的临近预报,融合预报效果总体上优于模式预报效果;另外,与雷达外推定量降水预报相比,0~1 h雷达外推预报效果优于融合预报效果,1~2 h融合预报效果优于雷达外推预报效果。     

集合预报产品综合分析显示平台关键技术与实现

针对集合预报方法在天气预报业务中的应用,开发了具有自主知识产权的集合预报产品综合分析显示平台。以集合预报模式输出数据量大、气象图表显示效率和质量要求高两个主要需求为出发点,采用客户端服务器架构设计。服务器端将原始数据转换为产品数据以提高客户端执行效率。该文详细分析了平台关键技术,针对数据延时问题,轮询式数据处理技术实时检查原始数据变化状态并更新产品,采用生产者消费者互斥方法解决多线程锁死问题。为提高图表美观程度,动态页面布局显示技术对所有图形要素进行分类, 并给出显示属性的抽象描述,结合图形渲染技术,实现了看图模式和出图模式的动态切换。该平台为预报员和服务决策者提供了宝贵的不确定性信息,在中小尺度极端天气预报、台风路径预报中发挥了重要作用。