EarthEnv-DEM90: A nearly-global,void-free,multi-scale smoothed, 90m digital elevation model from fused ASTER and SRTM data

A variety of DEM products are available to the public at no cost, though all are characterized by trade-offs in spatial coverage, data resolution, and quality. The absence of a high-resolution, high-quality, well-described and vetted, free, global consensus product was the impetus for the creation of a new DEM product described here, ‘EarthEnv-DEM90’. This new DEM is a compilation dataset constructed via rigorous techniques by which ASTER GDEM2 and CGIAR-CSI v4.1 products were fused into a quality-enhanced, consistent grid of elevation estimates that spans ∼91% of the globe. EarthEnv-DEM90 was assembled using methods for seamlessly merging input datasets, thoroughly filling voids, and smoothing data irregularities (e.g. those caused by DEM noise) from the approximated surface. The result is a DEM product in which elevational artifacts are strongly mitigated from the input data fusion zone, substantial voids are filled in the northern-most regions of the globe, and the entire DEM exhibits reduced terrain noise. As important as the final product is a well defined methodology, along with new processing techniques and careful attention to final outputs, that extends the value and usability of the work beyond just this single product. Finally, we outline EarthEnv-DEM90 acquisition instructions and metadata availability, so that researchers can obtain this high-resolution, high-quality, nearly-global new DEM product for the study of wide-ranging global phenomena.     

A conceptual template for integrative human–environment research

Knowledge integration, the blending of concepts from two or more disciplines to create innovative new worldviews, is a key process in attempts to increase the sustainability of human activities on Earth. In this paper, we describe a ‘conceptual template’ that can be used to catalyse this process. The template comprises (a) a list of high-level concepts that capture the essential aspects of any significant human–environment problem, plus (b) broad lists of low-level basic concepts drawn from a range of disciplines. Our high-level concepts, which we call ‘conceptual clusters’, are labelled Dynamics & System, Organisation & Scale, Controlling Models, Management & Policy, Adaptation & Learning, and History. Many of the clustered, lower-level concepts are synonyms and thus provide possible connections between disciplines—for this reason we call them ‘nexus concepts’. We suggest that a conceptual template like that presented here can provide strong support to the initial phases of integrative research programs.     

关于水文地质学的一些思考

探讨了水文地质学发展的有关问题。概念是学科发展的基石，不断发展、不断探索概念的内涵，是学科发展的根本；控制性实验对于探索规律，具有不可替代的作用，但迄今尚未得到应有的重视；忽视定性分析，盲目进行定量计算的倾向需要扭转；与包括社会人文学科在内的学科交叉渗透，是水文地质学未来发展的方向；地下水流动系统理论是对水文地质学的重大突破，它所应用的研究方法－假设演绎法，在方法论上具有重要的借鉴意义。     

煤岩学配煤和焦炭强度预测的研究

用配有自行研制的程序控温仪的显微热台,观察研究了P1、T3两时代煤显微组分的加热性状和焦炭的显微特征,由此揭示了不同时代等变质煤结焦性差异的原因,提出了标准活性组分（Vt,st）的新概念;确定了测定混煤中镜质体反射率的方法;最后以重钢焦化厂大量200kg焦炉试验为基础,用计算机进行数理统计分析,优选出标准活性组分（Vt,st）、镜质体随机反射率（Rran）及其标准差（S）三个参数,建立了能准确定量预测焦炭机械强度的数学模型。经焦化厂使用证实,用该方法预测和控制焦炭强度不但准确度高、简单易行,而且可适用于我国大多数焦化企业由不同煤田的多矿点供煤且常有混煤、煤质不稳定的复杂状况。     

融合法及其在数据同化中的应用研究

根据预报值具有最小方差这一要求,详细推导了融合法在观测数据为一维、多维和维数不同的情况下的具体同化表达形式,同时还给出了不同情况下与同化表达式相对应的预报误差公式.利用这些公式,可以用融合法处理常见的海洋观测数据的同化问题.在陆架海模式HAMSOM基础上,以4月份的渤海海表温度为例,我们验证了同化公式的正确性,并给出了同化后较好的同化结果。最后将融合法的同化结果与卡尔曼滤波同化结果进行了对比.比较表明,融合法使用起来更简单,且能有效地处理常见的海洋观测数据.     

Heuristic approaches for mine planning and production scheduling

Summary Traditional methods and opimization methods for mine planning and production scheduling have failed to provide easy to use tools that yield improved results. Two new approaches, each combining the best of the traditional and the optimization, are described.     

全球和区域分析的混合方案对区域预报的影响试验

区域分析采用局地高密观测资料,往往分析的中小尺度信息较丰富;全球分析同化全球覆盖的卫星观测资料,而且不受侧边界条件影响,对天气系统大尺度部分描述得更好。基于以上原因,为了提高区域模式的分析预报水平,本文尝试在区域模式中引入全球分析中的大尺度部分,通过DCT方法对全球T639模式分析和区域GRAPES模式分析进行谱分解,获得综合全球大尺度和区域中小尺度信息的混合分析。动能谱分析结果表明,GRAPES分析场的动能谱能量在中小尺度部分比T639全球分析略大,经过混合分析后,动能谱能量更接近理想曲线。一个月的分析预报试验结果表明,混合分析的高度、温度和风场的分析质量有明显提高,风场6 h内的预报也比区域分析有改进;而且全国平均ETS降水评分在各个降水量级上都有明显改进。     

雷达外推与数值模式动态融合降水概率预报方法

提出一种基于动态权重的降水概率融合预报方法。首先建立一个适用于权重分配的评分模型,对基于雷达光流外推的降水概率预报和基于数值模式经反射率换算后的降水概率预报的预报准确率分别加以评估;提出一种改进的Brier评分法,该方法兼顾了降水落区的大小和降水量,降低评分对样本数据数量多少的敏感性;根据两种在不同预报时效的评分,动态地分配两种预报方法在不同预报时效的权重。试验部分通过Brier等评分验证表明,融合后各个预报时效的预报都表现出与雷达外推或数值模式相近甚至更高的技术评分。     

二次与三次曲面存在拼接的条件和算法

利用计算机代数的方法，在数学软件的辅助下，初步研究不同次曲面拼接的问题即二次与三次曲面存在拼接的条件和算法，给出它们在不同情况下的存在拼接曲面的条件和算法。     

Impacts of a Large-scale Adaptive Blending Scheme for CMA-MESO on Regional Forecasts-A Case Study of Typhoon Haima

Large-scale atmospheric information plays an important role in the regional model for the forecasts of weather such as tropical cyclone (TC). However, it is difficult to be fully represented in regional models due to domain size and a lack of observation data, particularly at sea used in regional data assimilation. Blending analysis has been developed and implemented in regional models to reintroduce large-scale information from global model to regional analysis. Research of the impact of this large-scale blending scheme for the Global / Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System (CMA-MESO) regional model on TC forecasting is limited and this study attempts to further progress by examining the adaptivity of the blending scheme using the two-dimensional Discrete Cosine Transform (2D-DCT) filter on the model forecast of Typhoon Haima over Shenzhen, China in 2016 and considering various cut-off wavelengths. Results showed that the error of the 24-hour typhoon track forecast can be reduced to less than 25 km by applying the scale-dependent blending scheme, indicating that the blending analysis is effectively able to minimise the large-scale bias for the initial fields. The improvement of the wind forecast is more evident for u-wind component according to the reduced root mean square errors (RMSEs) by comparing the experiments with and without blending analysis. Furthermore, the higher equitable threat score (ETS) provided implications that the precipitation prediction skills were increased in the 24h forecast by improving the representation of the large-scale feature in the CMA-MESO analysis. Furthermore, significant differences of the track error forecast were found by applying the blending analysis with different cut-off wavelengths from 400 km to 1200 km and the track error can be reduced less than by 10 km with 400 km cut-off wavelength in the first 6h forecast. It highlighted that the blending scheme with dynamic cut-off wavelengths adapted to the development of different TC systems is necessary in order to optimally introduce and ingest the large-scale information from global model to the regional model for improving the TC forecast. In this paper, the methods and data applied in this study will be firstly introduced, before discussion of the results regarding the performance of the blending analysis and its impacts on the wind and precipitation forecast correspondingly, followed by the discussion of the effects of different blending scheme on TC forecasts and the conclusion section.