Modeling relationships between the network distance and travel time dynamics for assessing equity of accessibility to urban parks

Static models of accessibility are usually based on the fixed distance or Average Travel Time (ATT) models. Because of ignoring the traffic as a dynamic process affecting the accessibility through the change of Travel Time (TT), these models lead to unperceived temporal inequities. In contrast to the consideration of the temporal Variation of TT (VTT) in the previous studies, the variation of traffic- related TT and its relations with network distance has not been considered. In this study, relations between VTT and network distance to access urban parks in Tehran megacity has been modeled. Traffic maps at five times of day are used to produce TT maps of Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZs) to their 3-closest parks. Comparison of the Gini coefficients of accessibility show significant inequities of accessibility at different times of day. Relations between the distance, ATT, and TTmax are modeled by statistical analysis. Results show both TT and TTmax have significant positive relations with distance and traffic and reach their maximum at 6 p.m. Observation of significant relations between distance, ATT, TTmax, and VTT provides interesting knowledge for the conversion of temporal measures of equity (TT) to a physical measure of equity (distance). A simple application of these findings for effective management of the spatiotemporal inequities is the definition of critical distances from public services. As an example, to decrease the TTmax of TAZs to less than 12 min, their maximum distance to the closest parks should be less than 4 km. The developed approach can be adopted for the accessibility evaluation of the other public services, particularly the health and education centers.     

苏宏图戈壁沉积物分形空间变异性及其成因

戈壁沉积物组分结构具有分形特征,能否利用分形特征及其变异性指示戈壁地表沉积物形成过程中的风沙作用目前认识不足.通过计算内蒙古苏宏图戈壁地表表层沉积物的分形维数值并分析了其空间变异性.结果 表明:沉积物分形维数值随0.050～0.179 mm跃移组分含量的增大而增大,随0.179～20.919 mm蠕移及风蚀残余组分含量...     

典型拉尼娜事件与1988-1989年拉尼娜事件生命史演变差异性成因分析

利用海洋混合层海温热量收支诊断方法和两套海洋同化再分析资料,对比分析典型拉尼娜事件和1988-1989年特殊拉尼娜事件生命史演变成因.研究结果表明,典型拉尼娜事件在发展年冬季到达最强值后通常缓慢衰减,在次年秋季时再次增强形成第二次拉尼娜事件.而1988-1989年拉尼娜事件在发展年底时到达最强值后迅速衰减,并在次年秋季...     

1470年以来中国东部季风区降水变化规律及趋势预估

超长系列的降水资料是分析气候变化和预估未来区域水安全形势的重要支撑,但目前观测资料只有几十年时间尺度,利用相关历史文献资料进行系列重建是延长现有观测资料的主要手段。基于《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》和1959年以来实测降水资料,重建1470—2019年中国东部季风区的长序列降水数据,分析近550 a以来区域降水变化规律,剖析气候自然变异规律和人为气候变化对历史降水的影响,并通过CMIP6中等分辨率气候系统模式下的4种情景降水数据预估未来降水变化趋势。研究表明：(1)东部季风区降水年际分布不均,有明显的丰枯变化,1470—1691年整体处于枯水期,1692—1924年处于丰水期,1925年至今处于枯水期,存在准181 a周期;(2) 1991年后人为气候变化的影响已经显现,海河、黄河下游和长江流域部分降水倾向率发生显著变化,东部季风区总体降水增加趋势加快;(3)在未来气候变化情景下多年平均降水量较基准期(1961—1990年)显著增加,季节性变化加大,区域旱涝风险加剧。由于未来气候情景的不确定性,未来降水趋势预测的可信度尚未可知,需要进一步增强风险分析。     

江淮梅雨期各类降水的变化分析

为了揭示江淮梅雨降水量的长期变化规律,利用1957~2008年中国740站逐日降水资料,使用线性倾向估计、小波分析等方法,在将日降水划分为小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨和大暴雨5类降水的基础上,重点分析了江淮梅雨期间上述5类降水的趋势变化特征,结论如下:暴雨频率、暴雨强度是决定江淮梅雨降水多寡的主要内在因子;小雨、中雨的频率及其对梅雨量的贡献率的趋势变化在1970年代中期发生了显著的年代际变化,即由1970年代中期前的显著上升趋势改变为其后的显著下降趋势;大雨及其以上等级降水的频率、贡献率的趋势变化特征并不显著。     

Global Freshwater Storage Capability across Time Scales in the GRACE Satellite Era

Freshwater is recharged mainly by rainfall and stored inland for a period of time, which is directly affected by its storage capability. The storage capability of river basins has different spatiotemporal features that are important for the predictability of freshwater resources. However, the estimation of freshwater storage capability(FSC) remains a challenge due to the lack of observations and quantification indices. Here, we use a metric that characterizes hydrological "inertia"after rainfalls to analyze FSC over the 194 largest global major river basins based on satellite observations from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) and simulations from the Community Land Model version 5(CLM5). During2003–16, the global land was observed to retain 28% of precipitation after one month based on GRACE observations, and the simulation depicts that the retained proportions decrease from 42% after one day to 26% after one month, with smaller FSC partly attributed to wetter conditions and higher vegetation densities. The root zone contributes about 40% to the global land FSC on daily to monthly time scales. As the time scale increases, the contribution from the surface soil decreases from 26% to 14%, while the contribution from the deep soil increases from 4% to 10%. Snow contributes over20% of land FSC, especially over high latitudes. With six decades of CLM5 long-term simulations, it is revealed that the change of FSC in most basins is related to internal climate variability. The FSC of river basins which displays the proportion of precipitation retained on land is worthy of further attention regarding the predictability of water resources.     

我国北方地区夏季极端热应激事件的年际变化特征及影响因子

基于热应激指数,利用1961-2016年全国1 814个气象站的日平均气温和相对湿度资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了我国北方地区极端热应激年际变化特征及可能影响因子。结果表明,北方地区极端热应激事件的年际变化在1990年左右发生了年代际转折,1990年之前极端热应激事件频次的年际变化相对较小,其年际变化主要受到欧亚遥相关型、南极涛动和东亚太平洋遥相关型共同影响,而1990年之后极端热应激频次的年际变化显著增强,其变化则主要受东亚太平洋遥相关型的影响。     

夏季进入北极温带气旋的活动特征及其影响因素

进入北极地区的气旋在移动过程中往往伴有大风、强降水等特征,对北极气候变化有深刻的影响。基于NCEP2再分析资料,识别并跟踪了北半球夏季(6—8月)从中纬度进入北极的温带气旋,考察了其年际变化特征和影响因素。结果表明：1979—2019年夏季进入北极的温带气旋共867个,其中消失在北极边缘区域和中心区域的数量分别为688个和161个,且后者平均强度更大、平均持续时间更长。分区域研究发现,夏季从陆地进入极区的气旋个数较多,而从海洋进入极区的气旋强度更大,活动更为剧烈。对进入北极的气旋年际时间序列进行分析发现,夏季进入北极的气旋个数和强度均存在年际变率,其中气旋个数的年际变率尤为显著。气旋个数年际变率主要周期为5 a,强度的主要周期约为2.7 a。进一步分析发现,引导气流是影响气旋向北移动的重要因素。此外,夏季北大西洋气旋强度与同期北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO)指数存在较好相关。研究还表明,进入极区气旋活动的年际变化受大气斜压不稳定性的影响,在北太平洋地区区域平均的Eady增长率与气旋个数和强度的相关性均最强,相关系数分别为0.4和0.5。     

The 2020 Summer Floods and 2020/21 Winter Extreme Cold Surges in China and the 2020 Typhoon Season in the Western North Pacific

China experienced significant flooding in the summer of 2020 and multiple extreme cold surges during the winter of 2020/21. Additionally, the 2020 typhoon season had below average activity with especially quiet activity during the first half of the season in the western North Pacific(WNP). Sea surface temperature changes in the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans all contributed to the heavy rainfall in China, but the Atlantic and Indian Oceans seem to have played dominant roles. Enhancement and movement of the Siberian High caused a wavier pattern in the jet stream that allowed cold polar air to reach southward, inducing cold surges in China. Large vertical wind shear and low humidity in the WNP were responsible for fewer typhoons in the first half of the typhoon season. Although it is known that global warming can increase the frequency of extreme weather and climate events, its influences on individual events still need to be quantified.Additionally, the extreme cold surge during 16–18 February 2021 in the United States shares similar mechanisms with the winter 2020/21 extreme cold surges in China.     

冬、夏季印度洋越赤道经向翻转环流的年际变化

利用50 a的SODA资料对1月(冬季)和7月(夏季)印度洋越赤道经向翻转环流的年际变化进行研究。通过对2类典型年份的合成分析指出:1月份正异常年对应的经向翻转环流偏强,向北的经向热输送增加;7月份正异常年对应的经向翻转环流则偏弱,向南的经向热输送减少;1月份和7月份的负异常年皆与其正异常年相反;越赤道经向翻转环流有明显的年际变化,平均周期在4 a左右;经向翻转环流的年际变化和海面风场的变化密切相关。提出了反映1月和7月此环流年际变化的几个指数。